It’s 2026 and Torah Scribes Still Mix Ink by Hand

Did you know that Jewish ritual scribes don’t actually use any of the modern printing tools? They still mix a 2,000-year-old ink recipe by hand and here is how.

Our lives are run by smartphones and computers. Everything can be typed or copied in a matter of minutes or even seconds. Yet, there is still a certain profession that rejects all these modern conveniences. They also reject the obsession with speed we have, exactly because of all these tools. These professionals are Sofrim. They are ritual scribes in Jewish communities. They are responsible for hand-writing Torah scrolls, holy books, and small mezuzah scrolls for doorways.

The contrast between their craft and the constant typing we are used to is striking. Just think of it. If a student or even a professional is pressed for time, they just go online and look for a writing service to help them out. A digital platform like PaperWriter can write and format an entire paper in just a few hours. But this same speed is the enemy of a holy Torah scribe. To write a sacred scroll, they must be deeply concentrated and slow about their process. Rush can’t be part of it. In fact, this special care begins before the pen touches the page. First, they gather the ingredients and mix the writing ink.

The Strict Rules of Sacred Ink

Why can’t a scribe just buy a bottle of high-quality black ink at a local art supply store? It all comes down to traditional Jewish law, which is called Halakha. A Torah scroll is a highly holy object with very strict manufacturing standards. A single scroll contains exactly 304,805 letters and takes a full year of daily manual labor to finish. If even a single letter fades, cracks, or peels off the page over time, the entire scroll becomes invalid. It cannot be used in a synagogue service until it is carefully repaired.

There is also a common myth that the ink itself must be “kosher.” But Jewish law actually focuses on durability and natural purity. While the parchment page absolutely must come from a kosher animal species, the ink simply needs to be permanent, deeply black, and made from scratch.

To make sure the holy words last for hundreds of years, the ink must follow these specific standards:

• Color. It must be a deep, solid jet-black color that is easy to read.
• Durability. The ink must bond with the skin page so it never flakes off.
• Texture. It must remain smooth enough to avoid cracking over the centuries.

Modern writers often focus on how much digital tools have changed our daily habits. As a blog writer for the paper writing service PaperWriter, Jacky M. points out, “modern text has become instant, temporary, and easily erasable.” Ritual scribes, however, take the opposite path. They preserve a slow, physical process that has remained unchanged for thousands of years. They make sure ancient texts endure for future generations.

The 2,000-Year-Old Ink Recipe

To get the perfect black color and long-lasting quality, scribes use a formula that dates back to ancient times. This traditional mixture is a special kind of iron gall ink. It creates a permanent chemical bond directly on the page.

The Raw Ingredients

Before beginning the brewing process, a scribe must gather a small collection of organic materials:

• Oak Galls. Round, woody bumps from oak trees that contain a natural acid.
• Iron Sulfate. A natural mineral salt that turns the liquid dark black.
• Gum Arabic. A sticky tree sap that acts as a natural glue.
• Pure Water. The liquid base for boiling the ingredients together.

The Preparation Steps

The process of turning these raw elements into smooth writing fluid requires a lot of patience and precision:

1. The hard oak galls are crushed into a fine powder.
2. The powder is boiled in water for several hours until it creates a dark, strong tea.
3. Tea is strained to remove solid pieces of wood.
4. The iron sulfate is then added to the warm liquid.
5. The gum arabic is added last to give the liquid a thick, glossy texture.

The moment the iron touches the oak gall tea, a chemical reaction happens. The pale brown liquid instantly turns into a deep, pitch-black ink. The added gum arabic keeps the ink from dripping too fast off the tip of the scribe’s traditional quill or reed pen.

Why This Ancient Ink Lasts Longer

This handmade chemical compound is perfectly suited for parchment, which is made from processed animal skins. Modern factory inks are full of harsh chemicals and alcohols designed to dry instantly on wood-based paper. If you use factory ink on animal parchment, it will eventually ruin the surface. The letters will turn brittle, dry out, and fall off the page like old house paint.

Handmade iron gall ink works completely differently. It actually bites into the organic fibers of the animal skin. As the years go by, the iron in the ink reacts with the oxygen in the air. This chemical reaction causes the ink to get darker over time instead of fading away.

Conclusion

Some traditions are just too important to be simply replaced by automation. Yes, mixing the ink and writing a sacred text by hand takes time and focus. But the result is outstanding. The tradition is preserved, and these holy texts look and feel the same as they did a thousand years ago. It’s a way for people to touch and be closer to history, so to speak.

Reviewed By HENRY SREBRNIK
“Honor”
By Nataliia Mariichyn, Leon Buchwald, and Susan McClelland
Astra Young Readers, New York
240 pg.
$19.99 USD, ($25.99 CDN).

This is an unusual memoir that moves forward and back between modern Ukraine’s troubles and those of that country’s tragic past during the Second World War. It recounts a tale of two individuals — a Ukrainian teen in the early 2010s and a Jewish boy in hiding in Nazi-occupied Ukraine — whose lives are entwined through a box of letters.

It’s true that of the writing of Holocaust memoirs there is no end. But that’s not a critique, it’s as it should be. The Holocaust was the greatest Jewish tragedy since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem almost 2,000 years ago.

A collaborative project of Nataliia Mariichyn, the late Leon Buchwald, and author Susan McClelland, Honor, published this year and intended for younger readers, falls into the category of people who were saved by friends or neighbours. It is narrated by Nataliia, who is a Ukrainian teenager in Ivano-Frankivsk living in an independent Ukraine in 2013-2014, when she comes across a pile of letters from World War II that had been saved by her grandmother, Katherine.

Written by Leizer (Leon) between 1941 and 1945, the letters are interspersed with reactions by Nataliia, who would go on to tell this story. Certain scenes and dialogues have been recreated using Leizer’s letters, as well as personal recollections from both Leizer’s and Nataliia’s families, including her grandmother and great-aunts. It is now a Canadian story.

Eliezer Buchwald was born in Stanislawow (now Ivano-Frankivsk) in what was then Poland, in 1929. He was the youngest of three children. His sister Shloma, the eldest, was four years older, and brother Zelig, two years older. His father, a merchant, was well respected by the Christian farmers in the region around Tlumacz.

World War II began in September 1939, and Poland was divided between Hitler and Stalin; the part they lived in was annexed by the Soviet Union. In 1941, however, Hitler’s armies invaded the USSR. “Nazis were now marching toward Russia, and we were right in their path,” Leizer wrote. Some villagers in the area painted white crosses on their doors so Nazis would know when they arrived that they were not Jews. “People who had always said hello now looked down at their shoes, pretending we were not there.”

Leizer and Shloma escape into the forests as the Nazis arrive, but their mother Berta and Zelig are captured. She manages to escape, but Zelig is never seen again. Leizer, Shloma and their mother eventually find refuge in a cave: “We lived the winter of 1942 in darkness.” During these harrowing years, several Jewish families sought refuge in the extensive gypsum caves of Western Ukraine. One of the most notable shelters was Priest’s Grotto, a labyrinthine cave stretching over 124 kilometres.

Leizer leaves the cave at one point and is betrayed and captured by German soldiers but manages to escape. He saw only one viable solution. He had to go to their pre-war neighbor, a farmer. “There was nowhere else for me to turn.” He returns to his old home and the Ukrainian farmer who knows him allows him to stay and pretend to be his own son. Eventually Shloma and Berta join him.

“As he’d promised, Shloma and I worked the farm, tilling the soil for planting. We wore the farmer’s son’s old clothes. Shloma tucked her hair under a hat and from a distance, even I thought she was a boy. The farmer’s wife made us two meals a day. She often sat with Mameh while Shloma and I were in the fields. The farmer reiterated the Nazis were looking for me, even now offering a reward for anyone who turned me in.”

He and his wife “are angels who were put on our path,” Mameh said several times that winter. “Honor them like angels. Leizer, if we ever get out of here, if the war ends, and we have freedom again, remember the farmer and his wife.” When the war ended, the farmer smiled. “I will never forget you,” he said to Leizer, with a warm smile. “You are my second son.”

Nataliia’s grandmother Katherine’s own memories begin to return. “Leizer managed to outwit his captors, you know. My father said he was very hard to catch. Leizer became a man long before his childhood ended. Good people did bad things to him and his family during that time.”

It turns out that Nataliia’s great-grandfather Grigoriy Palivoda and his wife Mariya were the couple who saved them. “The Nazis were looking for Leizer,” Nataliia’s grandmother tells her. “I knew where he was hiding. I always did, but I told no one. He became my secret. For the longest time, I didn’t know that my father and mother even knew he was there.”

The book juxtaposes the stories of the war with Nataliia’s recollection of what was happening in Ukraine in 2013-2014 as pro-democracy Ukrainians struggled, in the Maidan protests, to free themselves of the pro-Russian kleptocrats running the country. It makes for an interesting contrast.

Following liberation, Leizer, Shloma, and Berta lived in the Tlumacz area for several months and then were able to move west to a Displaced Person’s camp in Germany. While there, Shloma met Yitzchak, whom she had known prior to the invasion, and they married. Leizer and his mother immigrated to Montreal in the fall of 1948, and Shloma and her husband arrived not long after. Shloma adopted the name Lucia upon arriving in Canada. Berta changed her name to Bryna, and Leizer changed his name to Leon Buchwald. A personal note: Miriam Buchwald Gordon, daughter of Leon and his wife Toba, whom he met after the war and who was also a Holocaust survivor, is a friend of mine.

Leon Buchwald died on May 30, 2018. He never returned to Ukraine. In the spring of 2022, Leon and Lucia’s descendants, including their children and grandchildren, sponsored Nataliia’s relocation to Canada to escape the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
Nataliia great-grandparents are now among the 2,673 Ukrainians who, as of 2023, have been recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations. Ukraine is among the countries with the highest number of individuals recognized for their courageous actions during this dark period in history. This story, like others, captures both the cruelty and humanity of ordinary people caught up in situations not of their making.

Henry Srebrnik is a professor emeritus of political science at the University of Prince Edward Island.

Canada legalised cannabis for adults in 2018, and the market has matured quietly ever since. What was once an unregulated guess is now a labelled, tested product sold through licensed channels. For adults who are curious but cautious, that shift changes everything.

In the regulated market, the printed label does the work that guesswork once did. Retailers such as The Herb Centre, an online dispensary, sit alongside the provincial stores in that legal system. This guide covers what the regulated market offers, how to read a label, and the habits that keep use lower-risk.

Why Does the Regulated Market Matter?

The regulated market matters because it replaces uncertainty with information. A legal product carries a label that states its potency, comes from a tested batch, and meets federal packaging rules. An adult buying it knows exactly what they are getting.

The old unregulated supply never offered that. Potency was a guess, and contaminants were a real risk. The legal route removes both unknowns.

Price is no longer the obstacle it once was. As the legal market has matured, the gap has narrowed, which makes the tested, labelled option the practical one for most adults.

What Should You Understand About Potency?

A few label figures do most of the work.

1. THC percentage, the main psychoactive component, matched to your goal.
2. CBD percentage, often non-intoxicating and used differently.
3. The ratio of the two, which shapes the overall effect.
4. Serving size, especially important for edibles and drinks.
5. The product format, since each one acts differently.
6. The batch and testing, the mark of a legal-market product.

Each figure is printed for a reason. Reading them is the difference between a predictable experience and an unpleasant surprise.

How Do Product Formats Differ?

Formats differ enough that the choice shapes the whole experience. Inhaled flower acts within minutes and fades within a couple of hours, which gives a controllable, short window. Edibles and drinks are the opposite. They can take up to two hours to take effect and last far longer.

That delay causes the most common mistake. Someone feels nothing after twenty minutes, takes more, then feels far too much an hour later. Starting low and waiting is the rule that prevents it.

Provincial health guidance is worth a look first, since each format carries its own risks. Knowing how a product will act, and for how long, is the core of using it responsibly. The slow onset of edibles is the single fact most worth internalising before a first try.

What Should You Check Before Buying?

A short pre-purchase pass keeps the choice sensible.

• Confirm it is legal-market product, with lab testing and a label.
• Check the THC and CBD figures against the effect you want.
• Read the serving and onset information, especially for edibles.
• Buy age-appropriately, since the legal age is 19 in most provinces.
• Use a licensed retailer, online or in store.
• Start with a small amount before buying in volume.

Photo by Sadi Hockmuller on Pexels

Alt text: A person reading a cannabis product label

Buying through legal channels is simple once you know what to look for. The provincial page on how to buy legal cannabis is a quick read, and licensed product is identifiable by its markings. Just as important, never get behind the wheel after using. British Columbia’s page on cannabis and driving is a clear reminder that the two never mix.

Before a First Purchase

A first purchase goes more smoothly after a quick mental check.

• Confirm legal-market sourcing, testing, and a clear label
• Note the THC and CBD percentages against your goal
• Read onset time and serving size, especially for edibles
• Buy only from a licensed retailer
• Respect the legal age, 19 in most provinces
• Start low, wait, and adjust on the next purchase

Why Informed Choices Serve Adults Best

Informed choices serve adults best because the legal market is built around clear, tested labelling. Someone who understands potency and onset avoids the bad first experience that puts people off entirely. The result is a predictable, controlled choice rather than a gamble.

A few baselines are worth remembering. Cannabis has been legal for adults nationwide since 2018. The legal age is 19 in most provinces. And a standard edible package is capped at 10 milligrams of THC, a sensible starting point for newcomers.

Adults today face a legal market their parents never had. As the wider local life carries on and the community marks its own milestones, the lesson stays simple. Read the label, start low, and let the regulated system do its job.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Cannabis Legal for Adults Across Canada?

Yes. Recreational cannabis has been legal for adults nationwide since 2018, though some rules vary by province. The legal age is 18 or 19 depending on the province, and public-use and purchase channels differ regionally. The federal framework itself is national, so the legal status is consistent country-wide.

How Do I Read a Cannabis Product Label?

Look first at the THC and CBD percentages, then the serving size and product format. Higher THC means a stronger psychoactive effect, while CBD is often non-intoxicating. The label also confirms it is a tested, legal-market product. Matching those figures to your goal is the key to a predictable experience.

Why Do Edibles Feel Stronger Than Expected?

Edibles act slowly, sometimes taking up to two hours, and the effect lasts much longer than inhaled cannabis. The common mistake is taking a second dose too soon, before the first has worked. Starting with a low serving and waiting prevents the overwhelming experience that catches first-timers off guard.

What Makes the Legal Market Safer?

Legal-market products are tested, labelled, and regulated, so the buyer knows the potency and that the product is free of contaminants. The unregulated market offers none of that assurance. For an adult who wants a predictable, lower-risk experience, the licensed channel is the clear and sensible choice.