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A Corridor for Peace: Connecting the Middle East, India, and Europe
Bali Governor I Wayan Koster (left) with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi and Indonesian Home Minister Tito Karnavian ahead of the G20 Summit in Bali, Indonesia November 14, 2022. Photo: Fikri Yusuf/G20 Media Center/Handout via REUTERS
In September 2023, the IMEC initiative was announced. IMEC is an economic corridor that will connect India, the Middle East and Europe, with the support of the United States. This initiative has the potential to change the face of global trade and transportation.
The corridor is expected to strengthen economic, transportation and energy ties among the countries and serve as a digital bridge between continents. IMEC offers Israel a strategic opportunity to position itself as a transit hub between Asia and Europe and strengthen its regional ties — but the initiative faces geopolitical challenges that require strategic planning and smart regional cooperation.
In September 2023, at the G20 Summit in New Delhi, India, an ambitious initiative was announced: to establish the “India-Middle East-Europe Corridor” (IMEC), an economic corridor supported by the United States. The initiative aims to connect India, the Middle East, and Europe through advanced transport and energy infrastructure and strengthen cooperation in the fields of trade, economy, energy and security among all partner countries.
European Union Commissioner Ursula von der Leyen said the corridor is “more than ‘just’ a railway or a cable car, it is a green and digital bridge across continents and cultures.”
The IMEC economic corridor is expected to generate significant economic benefits and improve geopolitical ties among the participating countries. For Israel, it represents an important opportunity to position itself as a strategic bridge between Asia and Europe and to exploit the advantages inherent in the project.
Israel’s integration into the corridor will allow it to upgrade its transportation and logistics infrastructure, become a major transit hub between Asia and Europe, strengthen ties with the Gulf states, expand its circle of economic partners, and reduce its dependence on limited markets and its status as an “island economy” and “energy island.”
However, the success of the project depends on regional cooperation that requires political stability and regulatory adjustments. Geopolitical tensions between the great powers could spark competition for areas of influence, especially in the face of initiatives such as China’s “New Silk Road” (the Belt & Road Initiative, or BRI). In addition, although the project is not conditional on full normalization between Israel and Saudi Arabia, effective cooperation will require ongoing coordination between those countries.
The economic corridor and regional potential
In light of the profound and dramatic changes in the region, the time is ripe to launch initiatives for regional cooperation between Israel and the moderate Arab states as an important step towards consolidating Israel’s status and independence.
At the time of writing, some of the conflicts are waning, with the collapse of the Shiite axis and the disintegration of the “ring of fire” that was part of Iran’s overt strategy in recent years. With Trump’s second term, discussions are resurfacing about possible normalization between Israel and Saudi Arabia through American mediation. Indeed, the prolonged war emphasizes the importance of achieving military goals and implementing initiatives to promote regional stability.
Under the first Trump administration, important agreements were signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco. These agreements, known as the “Abraham Accords,” built on the earlier peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan and are part of Israel’s quiet diplomacy with its neighbors to expand peace since its founding.
The corridor is expected to increase Israel’s trade volumes with new markets in the Gulf, India and Europe, thereby reducing its dependence on traditional trading partners. Investment in expanding seaports (mainly in Haifa Bay) and infrastructure along the railway line (the Valley Railway) could make Israel a vital trade hub while encouraging foreign investment and establishing free trade zones along the corridor, especially near the border with Jordan.
In addition, integration into the project will provide opportunities for innovation in the fields of logistics and technology, including the integration of artificial intelligence and automation into transportation and management processes on the Israeli side towards Europe.
IMEC also constitutes a platform for the development of the green energy sector, including connection to green hydrogen and solar energy infrastructure. This could position Israel as a major player in the field of renewable energy and energy supply to Europe. It could also help achieve the government’s renewable energy goals (77% of electricity production by 2050).
Against this backdrop, it is necessary to examine how the processes of connectivity between Israel and the moderate axis among its neighbors can be strengthened through the ambitious initiative. In the past decade, goods from Europe have reached Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries through the port of Haifa, from where they made their way to the Israeli-Jordanian border crossing at Sheikh Hussein while maintaining the secrecy of their passage through Israel. This secrecy serves all parties by shortening transportation routes and may now receive further impetus in the renewed initiative supported by the current administration.
The IMEC initiative is largely based on a revolutionary rail connection project, “Railways for Regional Peace”, that was proposed in 2018. This project aims to connect Israel, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia via high-speed rail. The planned land bridge is intended to streamline the passage of goods between the East and Europe by shortening transportation times, bypassing the Suez Canal, and promoting essential infrastructure for maximum utilization of existing transportation lines.
The project is divided into two main phases. The first involves constructing a railway connecting Israel and Jordan in the Beit Shean area. This phase requires the construction of tracks that will link the new private docks at Haifa Port to the Jordanian border, as well as a rail connection from the Sheikh Hussein border crossing to Irbid in Jordan. These links will accommodate the different rail standards of Israel and Jordan and overcome significant elevation differences between the two sides. The second phase focuses on establishing a direct railway line that will connect Israeli ports to the Persian Gulf via Jordan and Saudi Arabia, including the establishment of extensive trade zones — that is, land ports — for unloading and transporting cargo.
While the exact route of the IMEC project has not yet been revealed, it is expected to combine land rail corridors with shipping lanes. One option is for cargo shipments to depart from major ports in western India, such as Mumbai. The shipments would then be unloaded at ports in the Persian Gulf, including the port of Dammam in Saudi Arabia and various ports in the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. From there, the goods would be transported by high-speed rail through northern Saudi Arabia and Jordan, finally reaching Israel via the Sheikh Hussein crossing.
Following the outbreak of war in 2023, a private pilot was conducted to examine a land transport route for trucks through the ports of Dubai, Saudi Arabia and Jordan that are unloaded using the Back to Back Trucking method at the border crossings with Israel, as was already done unofficially after the signing of the Abraham Accords. The public debut trip included ten trucks that traveled the long land route from the ports of the Persian Gulf to Israel.
The successful trip reflected the cooperation between the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia and Jordan — an essential factor due to the blockade imposed by the Iran-backed Houthis in the Bab al-Mandab Straits.
The India-Europe Economic Corridor through the Middle East is also expected to include the laying of communication cables and electricity connections that rely on existing networks, as well as pipelines for exporting gas, mainly green hydrogen (i.e., hydrogen produced using renewable energy, such as solar energy) from India and the Gulf countries to Europe. This way, gas can be stored in designated facilities that have already been successfully tested in Israel and other countries.
Israel is also cooperating with Egypt, Cyprus and Greece on offshore gas reserves. IMEC could become an export corridor for energy from those countries to Europe, which needs to reduce its dependence on Russian gas. This need arose mainly as a result of the war in Ukraine and the disruption of Russian gas transit through Ukrainian territory to Western Europe. The Great Sea Interconnector, which will be based on infrastructure for an undersea power cable to connect Israel with the Greek-Cypriot-European cable, could become an important energy source for Europe.
Current challenges
This ambitious plan has great potential in terms of the export of gas from Israel to European countries and the expansion of the existing infrastructure for energy transit within and outside Israel. However, the development of port connections, railways and other infrastructure necessary for the establishment of IMEC will require significant investment.
The first phase is estimated to cost about $8 billion, which will have to include private investments. Saudi Arabia has committed to an investment of $20 billion for IMEC, but this is only a tiny fraction of the $600 billion the G7 aims to raise for projects that will compete with the Chinese initiative by 2027. Furthermore, none of the member states has made formal financial commitments to IMEC, which leaves much of the financing outlook unclear.
The economic obstacle of attracting investment from India, the Gulf states and the European Union is just one hurdle. The war imposed on Israel since October 2023 and the continuation of the regional war against it have led to the suspension of normalization talks between Israel and Saudi Arabia, and public opposition from Arab countries to regional infrastructure initiatives with Israel, thus posing significant challenges to IMEC.
In parallel with the challenges associated Israel-Saudi normalization, Jordan is facing significant economic difficulties beyond the political and internal tensions arising from its relations with Israel. These difficulties are reflected, among other things, in the freezing of the joint electricity project with Israel and delays in obtaining financing to upgrade the railways in its territory. In light of the war in Gaza, relations between Israel and Egypt are also under great strain.
Another obstacle at the international level is the geopolitical competition between the United States and China. In the face of this initiative, which grew out of discussions at the I2U2 forum involving India, Israel, the United Arab Emirates and the United States, China embarked on an early and ambitious infrastructure program that has increased its influence in the region. Given that China has invested in regional infrastructure development projects, such as Etihad Rail, it may try to block regional projects that would harm its status or reduce its influence.
Saudi Arabia (which joined the China-led BRICS organization in August 2023 as an official member) and the UAE also cultivate deep ties with China and have become its strategic trade partners while maintaining their place within the Belt and Road initiative. The Gulf states’ involvement in IMEC could be a means of spreading risk and boosting leverage for negotiations with the Western partners. Turkey’s plans to establish an energy corridor through the Arab gas pipeline in Syria or through a corridor from Qatar and its connection to the existing network in Syria and Turkey could be realized more quickly, and undermine India’s route to transfer energy through Israel.
Practical suggestions
To make the agreement a reality and attract private and governmental investment, several initial steps are required, including the creation of a multilateral agreement to establish an institutional framework for a structured and systematic dialogue between the participating countries.
Another obstacle in the normalization process between Israel and Saudi Arabia, mediated by the United States, stems from difficulties in reaching long-term arrangements. One possible means of alleviating public opposition to normalization between Israel and Saudi Arabia is the vision of railways for regional peace published by the Israeli government, a vision that includes the Valley Railway line for exporting and importing Palestinian goods to the Gulf states and Europe via the border crossing.
This may ease the opposition of the leaders of the hawkish line in the Saudi Kingdom against Israel and give the upper hand to the moderate camp, which supports promoting open relations between the countries. There is already economic and civilian cooperation, sometimes through a third party, as well as cooperation on the security front, with the two countries operating under the umbrella of United States Centcom command. This cooperation led to joint warnings and interceptions during the Iranian attacks on Israel. This is in addition to the opening of the airspace of Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the Gulf states to Israeli companies on their way to Asia in recent years.
To realize the economic potential of IMEC and reduce the political and economic barriers associated with it, a dedicated body should be established to attract private investment and promote infrastructure development among the participating countries. This body would allow private companies to take part in the project on the basis of private investment and the transportation of goods, thereby creating a model that would provide participants with economic incentives for the project’s success. In addition, the involvement of private initiatives could give the project broader public legitimacy, especially among the Arab countries, thereby easing political pressure on the region’s rulers and contributing to private-sponsored cooperation.
For Israel, participation in the IMEC project offers significant economic and geopolitical opportunities. Integration into the corridor will allow it to upgrade its existing transportation and logistics infrastructure on the Valley Line, greatly develop the ports of Haifa and the Gulf, and become a major transit hub between Asia and Europe. The corridor will allow Israel to fulfill its objectives in the field of renewable energy, expand its circle of economic partners, especially with India and European countries, and reduce its dependence on limited markets.
The IMEC economic corridor initiative faces significant political and geopolitical challenges that will require strategic planning and smart regional cooperation, but it has the potential to change the face of global trade and transportation — and it offers Israel a chance to position itself as a major player in the international arena.
Dr. Nir Levitan is a researcher at the BESA Center at Bar-Ilan University and at the Center for Cold War Studies at the University of Southern Denmark.
Prof. Arie Reich is Vice Rector and Jean Monnet Chair in Law and European Union Institutions, Faculty of Law, Bar-Ilan University.
Prof. Jonathan Rynhold is head of the Department of Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University and a senior research fellow at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies.
A version of this article was originally published by The BESA Center.
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Mamdani Says He Will Discourage Use of ‘Globalize the Intifada,’ Reaffirms Commitment to Anti-Israel Movement
Candidate Zohran Mamdani speaks during a Democratic New York City mayoral primary debate, June 4, 2025, in New York, US. Photo: Yuki Iwamura/Pool via REUTERS
Facing mounting pressure from Jewish community leaders, business executives, and fellow Democrats, New York City mayoral nominee Zohran Mamdani has moved to clarify his stance on the controversial slogan “globalize the intifada,” signaling he will discourage its use while continuing to back the broader anti-Israel movement it represents.
In a closed-door meeting this week with over 100 business leaders organized by the Partnership for New York City, Mamdani said he will not use the phrase himself and will urge allies to stop using it as well, attendees told multiple news outlets. The candidate, a democratic socialist and state assemblyman from Queens, emphasized that while the slogan has become a flashpoint, his commitment to the Palestinian movement remains unchanged.
The slogan, which gained traction at pro-Palestinian protests worldwide amid the Israel–Hamas war in Gaza, has been criticized by many Jewish New Yorkers who associate it with calls for violence against Jewish and Israeli civilians. “Intifada,” Arabic for “uprising,” is widely known from two bloody periods of sustained Palestinian terrorism against Israelis. Many observers have argued that calls to “globalize the intifada” will encourage activists to take up political violence worldwide, especially against the Jewish community and supporters of Israel.
“I heard from Jewish New Yorkers who told me that phrase brings up very real fear,” Mamdani reportedly said in the meeting. “That’s not the intention I want to convey.”
Nonetheless, Mamdani was clear that he does not view “globalize the intifada” as inherently violent. Instead, he said it symbolizes a transnational protest against what he calls Israeli “apartheid.” He described it as a call for political pressure, boycott movements, and international solidarity, not physical confrontation.
Last month, Mamdani defended the phrase “globalize the intifada” by invoking the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising during World War II. In response, the US Holocaust Memorial Museum repudiated the mayoral candidate, calling his comments “outrageous and especially offensive to [Holocaust] survivors.”
Mamdani’s attempt to reframe the slogan has drawn mixed reactions. Some Democratic leaders have said the clarification doesn’t go far enough.
High-profile Democrats in the US Congress from New York such as Rep. Ritchie Torres, Rep. Hakeem Jeffries, and Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand have all urged Mamdani to condemn the slogan, arguing that the phrase has violent connotations.
New York City’s Jewish community, already alarmed by a rise in antisemitic incidents since Hamas’s Oct. 7, 2023, invasion of southern Israel, has expressed deep concern over Mamdani’s embrace of language they consider inflammatory. Leaders from groups such as the UJA-Federation and the Anti-Defamation League have called on him to unequivocally disavow the slogan.
Mamdani’s team has pushed back against claims that the phrase advocates violence, pointing to other progressive politicians who have used similar language in solidarity with Palestinian movements. In recent days, his campaign has worked to strike a more conciliatory tone, especially in conversations with Jewish leaders and the business elite.
During the private gathering, which reportedly included executives from Pfizer, Uber, major real estate firms, and banking institutions, Mamdani reiterated policy goals that have rattled the city’s corporate class: tax hikes on high earners, rent freezes, and public investment in city-run grocery stores. He also emphasized his opposition to police budget increases, while pledging to expand mental health crisis response programs as an alternative.
While many attendees remain skeptical of Mamdani’s politics, several expressed cautious optimism after the event.
Mamdani is expected to hold additional meetings with labor unions, faith groups, and small business owners in the coming weeks as he attempts to broaden his coalition ahead of November’s general election. With incumbent Mayor Eric Adams and former New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo both running as independents, the race remains hotly contested, although Mamdani is generally considered the frontrunner in the largely Democratic city.
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AMIA Bombing: The Hate That Terrorized Jewish Argentines 31 Years Ago is Just as Present Today
People hold images of the victims of the 1994 bombing attack on the Argentine Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA) community center, marking the 30th anniversary of the attack, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, July 18, 2024. Photo: REUTERS/Irina Dambrauskas
This Friday, July 18, marks 31 years since an Iranian-backed Hezbollah terrorist drove a van packed with explosives into the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA) Jewish Community Center building in Buenos Aires.
The attack murdered 85 people, and injured more than 300. Now, three decades later, the world still remains subject to the reach of Iranian-backed terrorism.
Just last month, as an American Jewish Committee (AJC) Project Interchange delegation of Consuls General was ending their visit to Israel, our group (including one of the authors of this op-ed, Brandon) abruptly received an alert: an Iranian-made Houthi missile was headed for our area and we needed to seek shelter immediately. Once the AJC group had returned from Israel, millions of Israelis were forced into bomb shelters as the Iranian regime launched hundreds of ballistic missiles at civilian targets across the country. Scenes of blown out and destroyed buildings, eerily reminiscent of the AMIA bombing, were once again seared into memory.
The other author of this op-ed, Jacques, is an Argentine Jew. For him, the AMIA bombing — and the ensuing decades long fight for justice — continues to hit close to home. The bombing shattered more than the AMIA building — it shattered the Argentine Jewish community and its sense of security.
Jacques’ family lived in fear that they too could be the next victims of terror. The AMIA bombing was the single worst act of terrorism against the Jewish people since the Holocaust, a distinction surpassed only by the Iranian regime-backed Hamas slaughter on October 7, 2023.
To this day, those who planned the AMIA bombing are still walking free. In 2024, in a long overdue step, Argentina’s highest federal court officially held the Iranian regime — the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism — responsible. While this is a key step toward accountability for the Iranian regime’s actions and justice for AMIA’s victims, there is still work to be done.
Following last month’s preemptive military action from both the United States and Israel against Iran’s nuclear program — a regime that has consistently declared, “Death to America, Death to Israel” — Argentine President Javier Milei offered a rare moment of moral clarity in an otherwise foggy global response. In declaring that Israel was “saving Western civilization,” he named what too many other leaders refuse to admit — that Iran’s terrorism knows no borders.
But missiles and bombs are not the only threats we face. As in the case of AMIA, the Iranian regime’s and Hezbollah’s activities started with calls to target Jews worldwide. Terror grows in atmospheres where antisemitism is abided.
In sensing the urgency to act to curb rising antisemitism, last year, on the eve of the 30th commemoration of the AMIA bombing, Buenos Aires hosted the signing of the new Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism, which to date has been signed by 36 countries, including the United States and Argentina.
The current global rise in antisemitism is especially alarming in the United States. While antisemitism has historically emerged from the far-right and far-left, it is the fusion of far-left ideology and Islamist rhetoric that has been driving much of the recent violence. Consider the recent D.C. shooting after an American Jewish Committee event outside the Capitol Jewish Museum, when the killer proclaimed, “I did it for Palestine” or the assailant in Boulder, Colorado, who threw Molotov cocktails at a rally of Jews calling for the release of the hostages while shouting, “End Zionists.”
Elected leaders must act and speak out with moral clarity – especially in New York, home to the largest Jewish population outside of Israel. There were a record 345 reported antisemitic incidents in 2024 according to the NYPD, more than all incidents against other minority groups combined. And these were just the incidents that were officially reported.
These statistics are entirely unacceptable. Staying silent when antisemitic phrases like “globalize the intifada” are used — an expression that is nothing more than incitement — legitimizes violence. Suicide bombings were the defining feature of the Second Intifada — and of the AMIA bombing itself. It is no wonder that the Jewish community feels more apprehensive with this rhetoric.
Thirty-one years after the AMIA bombing, the lesson remains brutally clear: when terrorists are not prosecuted, they are emboldened. When hateful rhetoric is tolerated, violence follows. When antisemitism is qualified or grouped together with other forms of hate, the call to protect Jewish lives is cheapened. Words may not pull the trigger, but they load the gun.
In the absence of justice, terrorism reigns free without consequence. Silence is complicity. As citizens of the two countries with the largest Jewish populations in North America and South America respectively, we are calling on our neighbors, friends, and leaders to draw a clear line: there can be no tolerance for antisemitic hate, and no haven for those who preach or perpetrate violence on Jews.
The time to stand up is now.
Brandon Pinsker is the Associate Director of the American Jewish Committee office in New York.
Jacques Safra is a Board Member of AJC New York and AJC’s Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute for Latino and Latin American Affairs (BILLA).
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EU Rejects Sanctions on Israel Amid Diplomatic Battle, PA Condemns Decision as ‘Shocking and Disappointing’
European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Kaja Kallas speaks to the media as she arrives at the 5th EU-Southern Neighbourhood Ministerial meeting in Brussels, Belgium, July 14, 2025. Photo: REUTERS/Yves Herman
Israel welcomed the European Union’s decision not to pursue punitive action against the Jewish state over the war in Gaza, calling it “an important diplomatic victory” as some member states push to undermine Jerusalem’s military campaign against the Palestinian terrorist group Hamas in the war-torn enclave.
On Tuesday, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Kaja Kallas announced that the bloc would not impose sanctions on Israel, following a meeting of EU foreign ministers to address the issue.
In a post on X, Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Saar praised the news as the result of a “complex, grueling, and multi-front diplomatic battle.”
“The attempt to impose sanctions on a democratic country defending itself against efforts to destroy it is outrageous,” the top Israeli diplomat said, expressing gratitude to Israel’s allies in Europe who helped block the punitive measures.
ישראל עומדת מזה קרוב לשנתיים במערכה צבאית במספר חזיתות. אבל היא עומדת גם במערכה מדינית מורכבת, מפרכת ורבת חזיתות.
היום השגנו הישג מדיני חשוב כשעלה בידנו להדוף את כל סוגי הניסיונות האובססיביים של מספר מדינות לנקוט סנקציות נגד ישראל באיחוד האירופי. אותן מדינות לא הציעו, למשל,… pic.twitter.com/j4ivwv2WUF— Gideon Sa’ar | גדעון סער (@gidonsaar) July 15, 2025
Speaking at a press conference following the Brussels meeting, Kaja Kallas noted “positive signs” in Israel’s progress toward fulfilling last week’s agreement with the EU to increase humanitarian access to Gaza, while emphasizing that “more concrete steps” remain necessary.
The top EU diplomat stated that the bloc will carefully watch Israel’s execution of the agreement — which aims to open additional crossings, increase aid and food shipments, support critical infrastructure repairs, and protect aid workers.
According to Kallas, if Israel fails to follow through on the agreed measures, the bloc will reconsider imposing punitive actions against Jerusalem, with an update on its compliance to be presented at the next foreign ministers’ meeting in two weeks.
“We will keep these options on the table and stand ready to act,” Kallas said.
During this week’s meeting, the bloc discussed 10 potential measures against Israel over alleged violations of human rights commitments under the EU-Israel Association Agreement — a pact governing the EU’s political and economic ties with the Jewish state — such as suspending trade-related deals and imposing arms embargoes.
Despite efforts by some European countries to undermine Israel’s defensive campaign against Hamas in Gaza, there was not enough support within the EU to take any action, as Jerusalem still retains significant backing among member states.
In an interview with Euronews, the Palestinian Authority’s Foreign Minister, Varsen Aghabekian Shahin, condemned the EU’s decision not to take action against Israel, describing it as “shocking and disappointing.”
“These violations have been unfolding in front of everybody’s eyes. The whole world has been seeing what is happening in Gaza. The killing. The atrocities, the war crimes, the weaponization of food, the killing of people queuing to get a pack of flour,” Shahin said.
This latest anti-Israel initiative follows a recent EU-commissioned report accusing Israel of committing “indiscriminate attacks … starvation … torture … [and] apartheid” against Palestinians in Gaza during its military campaign against Hamas, an internationally designated terrorist group.
According to the report, “there are indications that Israel would be in breach of its human rights obligations” under the 25-year-old EU-Israel Association Agreement.
While the document acknowledges the reality of violence by Hamas, it states that this issue lies outside its scope — failing to address the Palestinian terrorist group’s role in sparking the current war with its invasion of and massacre across southern Israel on Oct. 7, 2023.
Israeli officials have slammed the report as factually incorrect and morally flawed, noting that Hamas embeds its military infrastructure within civilian targets and Israel’s army takes extensive precautions to try and avoid civilian casualties.
Following calls from a majority of EU member states for a formal investigation, last month’s report builds on Belgium’s recent decision to review Israel’s compliance with the trade agreement, a process initiated by the Netherlands and led by Kallas.
Last month, Ireland became the first European nation to push forward legislation banning trade with Israeli communities in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, an effort officials say is meant “to address the horrifying situation” in the Gaza Strip.
Ireland’s decision comes after a 2024 advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared Israel’s presence in the West Bank and East Jerusalem illegal.
The ICJ ruled that third countries must avoid trade or investment that supports “the illegal situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.”
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