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An 1859 fight over how to make matzah has lessons about the threat of AI today
(JTA) — In the last few months the world has been dazzled by an astonishing sequence of AI systems capable of performing all kinds of difficult tasks — writing code, composing poetry, generating artwork, passing exams — with a level of competence that rivals or exceeds what humans can do. The existence of these AIs has prompted all manner of soul-searching about the nature of humanity. It has also made many people wonder which human tasks are about to be taken over by machines.
The capabilities of these AIs are new and revolutionary, but the story of machines taking over human jobs is not. In Jewish history the most important story of that transition has to do with matzah, and it’s a story that carries important lessons for the present day.
Starting 164 years ago, dozens of European rabbis engaged in a furious debate that would not be fully resolved until the beginning of the 20th century. Matzah, which for millennia had been made by human hands in accordance with the narrow constraints of Jewish law, could now be processed with a series of machines that promised huge savings of time and money. As town after town adopted these machines, opposition began to rise, until it exploded in 1859 with the publication of “An Alert for Israel,” a collection of letters from prestigious rabbis, who adamantly argued that for anyone interested in following the laws of Passover a matzah made with a machine was no better than a loaf of bread.
The arguments for this position were many, but all will sound familiar to anyone following the AI conversation. Like today, some objected to the machines just because they were new and different, but most had more specific concerns. First, there was the matter of lost jobs. In many parts of Europe matzah was made by the poorest members of society, who were given the job as a way to help them raise money before one of the most cost-intensive holidays of the year. Ceding this job to machines would take work from those who could least afford it.
It takes about 20 seconds in a 1,300-degree, coal-and-wood-fired oven to bake shmurah matzah to perfection. (Uriel Heilman)
Beyond economics, there was concern that the machines just weren’t as reliable as people, especially given the rules around matzah-making outlined in Jewish law. What if bits of dough got trapped in the gears, quietly leavening for hours and unknowingly ruining whole batches of matzah in the process? What if the trays warmed the dough too fast? Without proper oversight, how could you trust your own food?
Finally, some objected to the loss of a literal human touch. Jewish law stated that matzah was supposed to be made by people who knew they were baking matzah. A machine, no matter how sophisticated, didn’t “know” anything. How could you eat matzah on Passover knowing that this most important food was made by a mindless machine?
The responses didn’t take long to arrive. “A Cancellation of the Alert,” a collection published the very same yearr, forcefully argued that machine matzah was perfectly fine — and possibly even better than the human product. No, inventions aren’t inherently bad. No, the machines wouldn’t harm the poor, because the machines made matzah less expensive for everyone. No, the machines weren’t prone to error — and they certainly weren’t more error-prone than lazy, careless humans. No, the machines didn’t know what they were doing — but the people who built them did, and wasn’t that enough?
The machines eventually won, but then something happened that I don’t think either side anticipated. With Manichewitz’s machine matzahs claiming most of the American market by the early 20th century, it was now the handmade matzah makers who were on the back foot; it was they and not the machines who needed to demonstrate that they were up to the difficult task of preparing this food with the efficiency and reliability of the machines.
The result is more than a little tragic. Matzah is the Jewish food with the deepest origins of all — deeper than brisket, deeper than latkes, deeper even than challah — and yet it is the ritual food most likely to be picked up at the supermarket and least likely to be made at home. While there are still communities today that exclusively eat handmade matzah, even this job is now largely outsourced to just a few companies that resemble their machine-driven counterparts in scale. While teachers will sometimes demonstrate how to make matzah for educational purposes, across the religious spectrum the era of locally made matzah is over.
Despite the fact that it’s hard to imagine a simpler baked good — matzah is just flour and water, and it’s literally illegal to spend more than 18 minutes making it — its production is treated as though it is only slightly less complicated than constructing a jet engine, and people are worried about shortages as though matzah were a natural resource or an advanced microchip. The transition has been so complete that we barely remember there was a transition at all.
Baked matzah coming out of the oven at Streit’s Matzo factory on Manhattan’s Lower East Side, date unknown. (Courtesy Streit’s Matzo)
Did the rabbis pushing for machine matzah know this was going to happen? Almost certainly not. The economic impact of machine labor is relatively easy to predict, but the psychological and cultural effects are a lot harder. There was probably no way of knowing how machines would change the way we thought about matzah in the long run, but today it’s clear that automating this ancient task has changed our own relationship to Passover’s central food — and because the change has resulted in a lot of alienation from matzah production, I’m not so sure it was a change for the better. Making matzah locally could have been a way to feel connected to the ancient Israelites, who left Egypt so fast that they didn’t have time to make anything else. Instead of emulating this ad-hoc food, we optimized it for cost and efficiency, in the process turning matzah into just another specialty cracker on the grocery store shelf. Was it really worth it?
It’s probably a bit much to say that OpenAI is just a modern Manischewitz, but the parallels between the debate about machine-generated matzah and the present debate about machine-generated everything are useful for considering how short-term policy choices around AI won’t necessarily capture all of the technology’s long-term effects on how human beings want to spend their time. When we relinquish an activity to an AI for economic reasons, we may eventually come to believe that humans are no longer qualified to do the task at all.
Then as now we must balance our economic needs against our ideas about what kinds of activities make for a good and fulfilling life.
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The post An 1859 fight over how to make matzah has lessons about the threat of AI today appeared first on Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
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Mamdani Hedges in Response to Mob Targeting New York City Synagogue
New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani holds a press conference at the New York City Office of Emergency Management, as a major winter storm spreads across a large swath of the United States, in Brooklyn, New York City, US, Jan. 25, 2026. Photo: REUTERS/Bing Guan
Protests targeting an Israeli real estate event at a New York City synagogue have put Mayor Zohran Mamdani’s leadership under renewed scrutiny after demonstrators returned to the Upper East Side location on Tuesday night.
The demonstration prompted a significant police response and raised concerns about rising antisemitic rhetoric in the city home to the world’s largest Jewish population outside of Israel.
Protesters gathered outside Park East Synagogue in Manhattan during a showcase called “The Great Israeli Real Estate Event 2026,” which included the marketing of properties in Israel proper as well as West Bank settlements. At the demonstration, activists held signs and chanted slogans that went beyond criticism of Israel, seemingly calling for the death and expulsion of Jews and, in some cases, support for US-designated terrorist groups.
“Death, death to the IDF [Israel Defense Forces],” “Rapists,” and “Settlers, settlers go back home, Palestine is ours alone” were among the insults screamed by the protesters, some of whom also waved flags belonging to the Lebanese terrorist group Hezbollah.
The scene marked a return to the same synagogue that was the site of a contentious protest in November, which drew widespread condemnation and sparked debate over the boundaries between political expression and hate speech. At that gathering, demonstrators chanted “We don’t want no Zionists here” and “Resistance, you make us proud, take another settler out,” among others. One speaker claimed, “It is our duty to make them think twice before holding these events! We need to make them scared.”
Both protests were organized by the anti-Zionist activist organization Pal-Awda.
This time, however, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) appeared better prepared. Officers established barricades and maintained distance between demonstrators and synagogue attendees, preventing the kind of close confrontations seen in the earlier protest. While tensions remained high, authorities largely kept the situation contained, avoiding major physical clashes.
Still, video circulating on social media appeared to show hordes of protesters storming and attempting to penetrate the barricades erected by the NYPD to separate the synagogue from the demonstrations. According to multiple reports, police had to deploy pepper-spray and at least one officer was hospitalized during the chaos.
Ronen Levy, a Queens-based pro-Israel counterprotester, repudiated the demonstrations as a threat to the local Jewish community.
“You want to protest? You want to assemble on the street, you want to assemble in a park, you want to assemble in a center or Columbus Circle? You’re more than welcome,” Levy told AMNY. “But to protest in a shul or a mosque or a church, that’s unethical, that’s un-American.”
“It came to where they do it in the shul, because it’s a lot easier to get Jewish people to come down, because it’s a Jewish congregation,” Levy continued. “Most people in synagogues, they want to go live in Israel.”
The incident came amid an ongoing surge in antisemitic hate crimes in New York City. According to police data, Jews this year have been targeted in the majority of all hate crimes committed in the city, continuing a troubling trend of rising antisemitism following Hamas’s Oct. 7, 2023, massacre across southern Israel. Mamdani took office on Jan. 1.
Jewish community leaders have increasingly voiced concern about demonstrations occurring near religious institutions, warning that such actions blur the line between protest and intimidation.
Mamdani, who faced criticism over his response to the November protest outside the same Manhattan synagogue, on Wednesday expressed support for the police’s response but also condemned the Israeli real estate event.
“I think that I’ve made it clear time and time again that we in this city believe in the sacrosanct nature of the right to protest, and also are committed to ensuring that any New Yorker can safely enter or exit from a house of worship, and that access never be in question, while we also protect the First Amendment,” Mamdani said during a press conference. “And I do believe that the police ensured that yesterday evening.”
However, the mayor went on to defend the protesters’ cause.
“There is no tolerance for hatred of Jewish New Yorkers,” he said. “I’ve also been clear to New Yorkers, my honest opinions about the fact that when we have a real estate expo that is promoting the sale of land, which includes the sale of land in occupied West Bank in settlements that are a violation of international law, that that is something that I firmly disagree with.”
“I also believe that many New Yorkers firmly disagree with it, because it has been at the heart of an ongoing effort to displace Palestinians from their homes,” Mamdani added.
Mamdani’s office issued a similar statement on Tuesday in the hours leading up to the protest.
“He further inflamed tensions on an already volatile situation,” the Anti-Defamation League’s New York/New Jersey branch said of Mamdani’s comments. “The mayor had a responsibility to de-escalate. He did the opposite.”
Mamadani faced intense criticism from Jewish leaders and pro-Israel advocates after issuing a similar statement in November that appeared to legitimize the gathering of demonstrators who called for violence against Jews outside Park East Synagogue.
Julie Menin, the speaker of City Council, defended the protesters’ first Amendment Rights while admonishing efforts to intimidate synagogue attendees.
“The right to peaceful protest must be protected, and so must the ability of individuals to safely access a house of worship without fear or intimidation,” Menin said.
Mamdani has come under immense scrutiny over his record of anti-Israel statements, repeatedly accusing Israel of committing “genocide” in Gaza and claiming that Israel does not grant “equal rights” to all of its inhabitants. Given his track record of anti-Israel sentiment, which according to critics has fueled hostility toward Jews, Mamdani’s handling of antisemitism has come under the spotlight.
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AI-Generated ‘Rabbis’ on TikTok Push Antisemitism, Generate Over 10 Million Likes, Report Reveals
TikTok app logo is seen in this illustration taken, Aug. 22, 2022. Photo: REUTERS/Dado Ruvic
The Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) released a report on Tuesday exposing 49 TikTok accounts which have amassed large followings pushing bigoted stereotypes with phony rabbi videos created using generative artificial intelligence programs.
Analysts at CAM’s Antisemitism Research Center found that the accounts — which use handles such as @rabbirothstein @rabingoldmaan @rabbistirberg, and @rabbi_silverstein — had collected 950,000 users and provoked over 10 million likes.
Across accounts, researchers found similar narratives and linguistic patterns in service of a common modus operandi: recasting conventional antisemitic stereotypes by having rabbis promote them as obvious truths.
The first “rabbi” introduced in the report is “RabbiSilverman.” One video features the rabbi figure holding a bottle of Coca-Cola with the caption “$4 at the airport and $7 on a flight.” Another shows the rabbi sitting inside of a limo while he holds a gold bar and a stack of $100 bills alongside the description “when the dollar and gold go up together.” Three more images show the rabbi sitting and studying the Torah at a table while a red sports car sits in a showroom behind him.
The rabbi in one video sports a giant nose and says, “As Jews, never sign a contract without reading every single line.”
Another fake “rabbi” presented is “Rabbi StirBerg.” Sitting in front of a bookshelf in what resembles a synagogue’s office, videos include such instructions as “never give your kids an allowance” and “Jews are wealthy because we don’t feel guilty for wanting more money.” Another taunts, “by 8 our kids know why yours stay poor.”
Examples of AI-generated rabbi videos pushing antisemitism on TikTok. Photo: Screenshot
CAM noted that the antisemitism on TikTok would especially impact youth.
“The danger is clear. By masquerading as authentic Jewish voices, these ‘rabbis’ erode trust, normalize hatred, and incite real-world violence targeting Jews,” CAM said. “By amplifying this content to young, impressionable audiences, TikTok is complicit in accelerating radicalization in an era when AI is making disinformation increasingly difficult to detect.”
CAM called on TikTok to “immediately invest in AI detection tools specifically trained to identify synthetic religious impersonation, implement guidelines to ensure traffic is not actively directed to such accounts, and launch a public awareness campaign highlighting how to spot AI-generated propaganda.”
Jewish creators on TikTok have long objected to antisemitism on the platform. In November 2023, a group of more than 40 content creators and public figures raised the alarm about the antisemitism they had experienced on the platform, calling for more robust safety features and content moderation. TikTok responded at the time saying, “We’ve taken important steps to protect our community and prevent the spread of hate, and we appreciate ongoing, honest dialogue, and feedback as we continually work to strengthen these protections.”
The research into TikTok follows similar findings from CAM in a March report that revealed a proliferation of fake AI rabbis on Meta’s Instagram platform. One “Rabbi Goldman” account identified in the report had reached 1.4 million followers. Combined with 11 other imposters, the following reached 2.1 million. CAM noted how the variety of rabbis each presented with different voices and persona, but all promoted the same money-obsessed stereotypes.
Following the Instagram report, CAM reported that Meta had removed more than 60 Instagram accounts, including those in other languages like French, Italian, German, and Spanish. The watchdog group praised the technology company founded and led by CEO Mark Zuckerberg, saying that “Meta has been highly responsive in working with CAM to better understand this activity and identify ways to reduce its reach and minimize its exposure to users.”
CAM vowed to remain vigilant to the threat, warning that “these identities are easily recreated and quickly reappear. CAM will continue to cooperate with Meta to address this expanding network … without sustained monitoring and rapid response, these false identities will continue to shape online discourse, reinforcing hostility toward Jewish communities that translates into real-world violence.”
In March, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman announced his decision to shut down the AI video-generating app Sora, a platform which hosted videos showing Jews chasing after coins, cheating poor people out of money, and being run over by a car. Research released by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in October found that in at least 40 percent of cases, programs would still generate responses when given antisemitic, extremists, or other hateful prompts.
CAM warned of the real-world consequences from the TikTok videos.
The report stated that antisemitic tropes “have historically instigated violence — from pogroms to the Holocaust to contemporary attacks on Jews. In the digital age, this content contributes to a documented global rise in antisemitic incidents by providing ‘evidence’ that justifies hostility. The visual caricatures (large noses, ostentatious wealth) further dehumanize Jews, erasing a psychological barrier to violence.”
In February, police in the Netherlands arrested 15 people, charging them with using TikTok to promote propaganda for the Islamic State. Some videos reached as high as 100,000 views. They urged views to join the terrorist group and glorified the “martyrs” who had died in service of the group’s mission of creating a global caliphate empowered to impose strict, Salafi-interpretations of Shariah law across the entire planet.
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Artists, Cultural Workers Plan Strike for Venice Biennale in Protest of Israel’s Participation
Signage for the 61st Venice Biennale running from May 9 to November 22. Photo: IMAGO/Frank Ossenbrink via Reuters Connect
An anti-Israel collective announced a 24-hour strike for artists and cultural workers on Friday, the day before the 61st Venice Biennale opens to the public, in protest of Israel’s inclusion in the event.
The Art Not Genocide Alliance (ANGA) is organizing the strike on the city’s Viale Garibaldi, and a number of groups, unions, and art spaces have already vowed to participate including Biennaleocene, a coalition of cultural workers in Venice that formed in 2023. The strike was announced right before ANGA hosted a massive protest at the Biennale.
The international art exhibition opened for previews on Wednesday and ANGA disrupted the opening, assembling a protest outside of Israel’s temporary pavilion in the Biennale’s Arsenal complex. ANGA said “hundreds” participated in the protest and claimed the decision to include Israel in this year’s Biennale “constitutes active institutional support for a state committing genocide in Gaza against the Palestinian people.”
“Protestors marched through the Arsenale with large banners, Palestinian flags, placards, and distributed flyers calling for the shut down [sic] of the Genocide Pavilion,” ANGA wrote in an Instagram post that featured pictures from the protest. “ISRAEL YOU CAN’T HIDE, WE CHARGE YOU WITH GENOCIDE! The demand is clear: Boycott the Israeli pavilion and SHUT IT DOWN.”
ANGA previously published an open letter, signed by hundreds of event participants, that called for Israel to be boycotted from this year’s Venice Biennale. Last week, the jury for the 2026 Venice Biennale resigned mere days after saying it would not consider awarding the event’s top prizes to countries whose leaders are facing charges of crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court, meaning Israel and Russia.
After the jury’s resignation, organizers of the Biennale announced new “Visitor’s Lion” awards. The public will vote for the winners, and Russia and Israel are both eligible to take home those awards. The award ceremony for the 2026 Venice Biennale has also been pushed from May 9 to Nov. 22, which is the last day of the show.
Romanian artist Belu-Simion Fainaru is representing Israel in this year’s event with his installation “Rose of Nothingness,” which will highlight Jewish mysticism, memory, and poetry.
At the 2024 Venice Biennale, artist Ruth Patir closed Israel’s official pavilion to the public until a ceasefire and hostage release agreement could be agreed upon. That same year ANGA supporters protested outside of the American and Israeli pavilions during previews for the Biennale, in condemnation of US support for Israel. The group of anti-Israel activists also protested outside the French, British, and German pavilions, because of each country’s relations with Israel.