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Unique Carnegie Hall concert to honor Japanese diplomat Sugihara, who saved 6,000 Jews

For most of his life, Chiune Sugihara received little recognition for the dramatic actions he undertook as Japanese vice-consul to Lithuania on the eve of World War II: the rescue of some 6,000 Jews from Poland and elsewhere from the Nazi death machine.

For decades, the Jewish world remained largely ignorant of his heroism. When, in 1985, Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center located in Israel, honored the unassuming retired diplomat as a Righteous Among the Nations, Sugihara was too old and sick to travel to Jerusalem to accept the award. He died shortly after.

But his renown has grown in the years since his death, and now Sugihara is being celebrated in a new way with an extraordinary piece of music composed to commemorate his heroic actions.

On April 19 at Carnegie Hall, Japanese-American-Israeli cellist Kristina Reiko Cooper will perform this original piece of music — Lera Auerbach’s Symphony No. 6, “Vessels of Light” — accompanied by the New York City Opera Orchestra conducted by Constantine Orbelian.

The gala concert, organized by Yad Vashem and the American Society for Yad Vashem, which commissioned the piece, will pay tribute to Sugihara’s legacy.

Along with the honorary Dutch consul in Lithuania, Jan Zwartendijk, Sugihara issued life-saving visas to the Jews trying to escape Europe through a complex, illegal scheme involving fake transit visas via Japan to the Dutch-speaking Caribbean island of Curaçao.

Not a single Jew actually traveled to that faraway island off the coast of Venezuela, home to the oldest surviving synagogue in the Americas. But the operation — carried out under the noses of Lithuania’s Nazi occupiers — enabled thousands of Jews to resettle in Shanghai, leading to eventual freedom.

“Being half-Japanese myself, I understand the culture, and I know as a Japanese person that opposing authority goes against every fiber of our being,” Cooper, the cellist, said this month in an interview near her home in Tel Aviv. Born in New York to a mother of Japanese descent, Cooper later converted to Judaism and moved to Israel. She and her husband, Leonard Rosen, are
raising their three children as Orthodox Jews.

“Everybody’s heard of Schindler, who had a factory. But Sugihara had nothing to gain from this. In fact, he had everything to lose,” said Cooper, a visiting professor of music at Tel Aviv University. “He didn’t want recognition and never spoke to anybody about it. He didn’t even know that he had saved anybody until the very end of his life.”

Cooper, who studied at Julliard and comes from a long line of musicians — her father is a pianist and her mother a violinist and former concertmaster of the American Symphony — has a special personal connection to the Sugihara story.

Her husband’s father, Irving Rosen, was one of the Jews whose lives was saved by Sugihara’s actions. Armed with papers enabling Rosen’s family to leave Lithuania and emigrate to Curaçao via Japan, the entire family traveled via the Trans-Siberian Railway from Vilnius to Moscow to Vladivostok, then by sea to Japan — and eventually Shanghai.

“I became obsessed with this story and wanted people to know about it, especially given everything that’s going on in the world with the rise of authoritarian governments, mass dislocations, refugees, wars, rising antisemitism and anti-Asian hate,” Cooper said. “I’m not a writer, a filmmaker or an actress. I’m a musician. People had asked me, ‘Why not put together a nice concert in tribute to Sugihara?’ But I wanted to write something that could last forever.”

Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara saved thousands of Jews during the Holocaust. (Courtesy of Yad Vashem)

With the backing of Yad Vashem and the American Society for Yad Vashem, Cooper asked Auerbach to write the piece, a 40-minute composition for solo cello, choir and orchestra involving 130 performers, including Yiddish “whisperers,” allusions to Psalm 121 and an introductory piece by Japanese composer Karen Tanaka titled “Guardian Angel.”

At Carnegie Hall, Cooper, who plays on an Italian-made Guadagnini cello from 1743, will perform Auerbach’s moving, large-scale symphonic work as a soloist. She’ll also perform in Prague on March 27, Los Angeles on May 18, in California’s Napa Valley on July 18 and in Warsaw on October 8.

“Most people do not pay attention to history, because they’re so wedded to current events,” said the Carnegie Hall event’s co-chair, Peter Till, a board member of the American Society for Yad Vashem. “But this is even more relevant today because of the rise of extremist hate groups. They’ll forever deny that it exists, or ignore it, or say it couldn’t happen here, but hate continues
to repeat itself and people have to face up to it.”

The Sugihara story is especially compelling, Till said, because it’s the first event of its kind that links Holocaust survivors with Asia in general — and Japan in particular.

“This is as much about the music as it is an expression of humanity, of people from diverse cultural backgrounds coming together to save lives,” he said. “For Yad Vashem, this is a very important event because it shows the depth of understanding.”

Of the roughly 28,000 non-Jews who’ve been designated by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations, only 40 were diplomats. Sugihara is the only Japanese citizen so honored.

“On the whole, the eligibility process for diplomats is slightly different than for ordinary rescuers, because they had immunity,” said Joel Zisenwein, director of Yad Vashem’s Righteous Among the Nations Department. “In most cases, they were not at physical risk. But many of them had defied the guidelines and official policies of their foreign offices. Sugihara is even more interesting because he represented an ally of Nazi Germany.”

Zisenwein said Sugihara provided between 2,100 and 3,500 transit visas, though the exact number is not known.

“Literally, all rescuers from the Holocaust era have passed away, so people accepting the award are generally descendants or even grandchildren of the recipients,” Zisenwein said. “It’s interesting that Sugihara received his award for actions prior to the German invasion of Lithuania. Most of the Jews he rescued were Polish refugees who had fled there in 1939. Many countries claim to have their own ‘Schindlers.’ But here indeed was an individual who saved thousands of Jewish lives.”

Japanese-American-Israeli cellist Kristina Reiko Cooper has a special personal connection to the Sugihara story. (Vardi Kahana)

The evening’s master of ceremonies will be Zalman Mlotek, who is also artistic director of the National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene. Tickets and sponsorships are still available for the event.

“It’s not just the people Sugihara saved. It’s the worlds of those thousands of people,” said Mlotek, whose father, Joseph Mlotek, was a 21-year-old Yiddish poet working at a newspaper in Warsaw when World War II broke out. After fleeing to Lithuania, the family heard about Sugihara and was able to obtain transit visas to Shanghai, where the elder Mlotek and his brother Abram spent the war years.

“My father became a Yiddish activist here in New York and set up a network of 200 Yiddish schools all over the country. He published books with my mother and did concert tours for Yiddish musicians,” said Mlotek, 71. “I look at myself today, as artistic director of the Yiddish theater for 20 years, carrying on this same legacy that would have been decimated had it not been for the heroism of Sugihara.”

Auerbach’s composition had its world premiere last November in the Lithuanian city of Kaunas (known in Yiddish as Kovno), where Sugihara’s story took place. Additional performances are scheduled for cities around the world through 2024.

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The post Unique Carnegie Hall concert to honor Japanese diplomat Sugihara, who saved 6,000 Jews appeared first on Jewish Telegraphic Agency.

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‘Sefer Elijah’ — probably the oldest proto-Ashkenazi text

ס׳איז מעגלעך, אַז מי׹ הא־ט זיך אײַנגעגעבן שו אַנטדעקן דעם עלטסטן ׀֌ךא֞טא֞֟אַשכ֌נזישן טעקסט, א֞נגעשךיבן אינעם ׀ֿךי֎י֎קן 9טן יא֞ךהונדעךט. דא֞ס איז דעך אוךאַלטעך אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טישעך מדךש „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟, אַ ס׀ֿך ווא֞ס איז מי׹ שוין לאַנג גוט באַקאַנט.

געשען איז עס אַזוי: ווען איך בין עךשט א֞נגעקומען קיין אַמעךיקע אין 1998 — אין וויליאַמסבוךג — הא־ב איך זיך אַ ד׹יי געטא֞ן אין די א֞ךטיקע ביכעך֟קךא֞מען און געקוי׀ֿט די גא־׹ אינטעךעסאַנטע מדךש֟זאַמלונג „ילקוט הךועים‟, באַגלייט מיט גלענ׊נדיקע הסכ֌מות (ךבנישע באַשטעטיקונגען), אַז דעך ס׀ֿך איז א֞נגענומען ווי אַ הייליקעך, אַךײַנגעךעכנט אַ ךעקא֞מענדאַ׊יע ׀ֿון דעם דעמא֞לטיקן סאַטמאַךעך ׹בין משה טייטלבוים זש׮ל.

אַ זײַט ׀ֿונעם בוך „ס׀ֿך אליהו“ ווא֞ס דעך מחב׹ הא־ט אַנטדעקט אין אַ ביכעךקךא֞ם אין וויליאַמסבוךג Photo by Yoel Matvayev

די זאַמלונג באַשטייט על֟׀֌י֟ךובֿ ׀ֿון טי׀ֿע קבלה֟טעקסטן און עטלעכע אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טישע מדךשים וועגן דעם קץ֟הימים — דעם סוף ׀ֿון די טעג, די ׊ײַט ווא֞ס משיח דאַךף קומען — בתוכם דעם „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟. א֞ט דעך ס׀ֿך און נא־ך עטלעכע אין דעך דא֞זיקעך זאַמלונג שילדעךן די ביאת֟המשיח נישט ווי אַ ׀֌לו׊עמדיקן גליקלעכן סוף ׀ֿון אַלע ליידן אין דעך וועלט, נא֞ך ווי אַ שךעקלעכן ׀֌ךא֞׊עס, באַגלייט מיט חוךבֿות און שוידעךס. נישט נא֞ך בײַ די קךיסטן איז ׀ֿאַךאַן אַזאַ מין ליטעךאַטוך. בקישו׹, שטייט אינעם „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟ געשךיבן, אַז ווען משיח וועט קומען, וועט עך ׊ונוי׀ֿבךענגען אַלע שדיקים — בסך֟הכ֌ל 30 טויזנט — אין אַ הימליש א֞ךט ווײַט ׀ֿון אונדזעך עךד, וועלכע וועט ׀ֿאַךבךענט וועךן מיט אַלע איךע איבעךיקע זינדיקע ת֌ושבֿים.

די אמונה, אַז דעך נײַעך משיחישעך ׊וקונ׀ֿטיקעך יךושלים וועט אַךא֞׀֌קומען ׀ֿונעם הימל און אַז די שטא֞ט הא־ט ווייניק שו טא־ן מיט דעך הײַנטיקעך יךשולים, איז אַמא֞ל געווען אַבסא֞לוט נא֞ךמאַל בײַ יי֮דן, ב׀ֿךט אין דעך אַשכ֌נזישעך וועלט. ךש׎י הא־ט, למשל, אויך אַזוי געגלייבט. אין דעך ש׀֌עטעךדיקעך ׊ײַט הא־ט הךבֿ ׊בֿי֟היךש קײַדאַנא֞וועך, דעך מחב׹ ׀ֿונעם ׀֌א֞׀֌ולעךן מוסך֟ס׀ֿך „קבֿ הישך‟, וועלכן עך הא־ט אַליין איבעךגעזע׊ט ׀ֿון לשון֟קודש אויף יי֎דיש, אַזוי געשךיבן אינעם ׀ֿךי֎י֎קן 18טן יא֞ךהונדעךט.

דעך „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟ בלײַבט כ֌מעט אומגע׀ֿא֞ךשט. הלל ניומאַן, אַ היסטא֞ךיקעך ׀ֿונעם חי׀ֿהך אוניוועךסיטעט, הא־ט באַמעךקט, אַז דעך דא֞זיקעך מדךש קלינגט ענלעך אויף דעך קךיסטלעכעך אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טישעך ליטעךאַטוך. עטלעכע אַנדעךע ׀ֿא֞ךשעך האַלטן, אַז ס׳איז א֞נגעשךיבן געווא֞ךן בײַם א־נהייב ׀ֿון דעך איסלאַמישעך ת֌קו׀ֿה. לא־מי׹ זיך א֞בעך אַךײַנקוקן אין געוויסע ׀֌ךטים, ווא֞ס די ׀ֿא֞ךשעך הא־בן ׀ֿאַךקוקט — און ווא֞ס איך הא־ב אַליין עךשט באַמעךקט נישט לאַנג שו׹יק.

אין אַ סך מדךשים וועךט דעךמא֞נט דעך אַנטי֟משיח מיטן נא֞מען אַךמילוס. אין „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟ וועךט א֞בעך זײַן נא֞מען אויסגעלייגט ווי „הךמלת‟. ווײַזט אויס, אַז בײַ דעם מחב׹ הא־ט אַ תוו געקלונגען ווי אַ סמך, און דעך הא איז בײַ אים געווען שטום. דעם נא֞מען ׀ֿונעם ׀֌עךסישן מלך אַךת֌חשסת֌א שךײַבט עך אויך ווי „הךת֌חשסת֌א‟. עס וועךט דעךמא֞נט ע׀֌עס אַ ים֟מא֞נסטעך — „גיגית‟; ווײַזט אויס, מיינט עס gigas אויף לאַטײַניש, אַ ׹יז. אַזאַ אַךויסךייד הא־ט געקא֞נט נא֞ך זײַן בײַ ׀֌ךא֞טא֞֟אַשכ֌נזים, וועלכע הא־בן געךעדט אויף אַלט֟׀ֿךאַנ׊ויזיש (שי, מעגלעך, אויף ע׀֌עס אַ געמישטן דיאַלעקט, ווו֌ קיין הא֟קלאַנג איז נישט געווען).

אינעם דא־זיקן מדךש שטייט געשךיבן, אין געוויסע וועךסיעס, אַז די מלחמות ׀ֿאַך דעך ביאת֟המשיח וועלן א־נהייבן די מלכים קוסטנטנוס און קךטילוס. אַזוי שטייט אין יהודה אבֿן֟שמואלס (יהודה קוי׀ֿמאַנס) זאַמלונג „מדךשי גאולה‟. אינעם חסידישן ס׀ֿך, ווא֞ס איך הא־ב, וועךט דעךמא֞נט נא֞ך „קיךטלוס‟. ס׳איז קלא־׹, מיין איך, אַז דא־ גייט די ׹ייד וועגן דעם ביזאַנטישן מלך קא֞נסטאַנטין דעם זעקסטן, מיט וועלכן קאַךל דעך גךויסעך הא־ט געווא֞לט זיך מזווג זײַן, כ֌די שו שאַ׀ֿן אַ ׀ֿאַךאייניקט וועלט֟מלכות, דו׹כן זיווג מיט קא֞נסטאַנטיס מאַמע איךענע. קא֞נסטאַנטינען הא־ט מען געשדכנט מיט קאַךלס טא֞כטעך ךא֞טךודע. אויב די דא֞זיקע שידוכים ווא־לטן געלונגען, ווא־לט דעמא֞לט אוי׀ֿגעשטאַנען אַ נײַע גלא֞באַלע ךוימישע אימ׀֌עךיע. קאַךל דעך גךויסעך הא־ט זיך א֞בעך סײַ֟ווי֟סײַ געהאַלטן ׀ֿאַך אַ נײַעם ךוימישן אימ׀֌עךאַטא֞ך. דעך ׀֌וי׀֌סט לעא֞ן דעך דךיטעך הא־ט אים געקךוינט מיט אַזאַ טיטל אין יא־׹ 800.

הגם קאַךל דעך גךויסעך הא־ט דעךלויבט יי֮דן שו וווינען אין זײַן קיניגךײַך און ׀ֿאַך׀ֿלאַנ׊ט דעךמיט דא֞ס קעךנדל ׀ֿון דעך אַשכ֌נזישעך ׊יוויליזאַ׊יע, וועךט אין אַ סך אַלטע מדךשים ׀ֿא֞ךויסגעזא֞גט, אַז די חבֿלי֟המשיח, די ׊ךות ׀ֿאַך משיחס קומען, וועלן זײַן ׀ֿאַךבונדן מיט ׹וים; דעך׀ֿאַך הא־בן יי֮דן אוי׀ֿגענומען זײַן אימ׀֌עךיע ווי אַ סימן ׀ֿון אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טיש֟משיחישע געשעענישן.

קא֞נסטאַנטין דעך זעקסטעך איז געשטא֞ךבן בעךך אין 805 (לויט אַנדעךע קוואַלן אין 797) און קאַךל דעך גךויסעך — אין 814. באַקומט זיך, אַז דעך „ס׀ֿך֟אליהו‟ מוז געהעךן שו דעך ת֌קו׀ֿה, ווען זיי הא־בן ביידע נא־ך געלעבט.

ווא֞ס ע׀֌עס „קךטילוס‟? ׀ֿאַךווא֞ס איז קאַךלס נא֞מען אין אונדזעך ס׀ֿך אַזוי ׀ֿאַךקךי׀֌לט געווא֞ךן? ס׳קען זײַן, אַז אין זײַן אייגן לאַנד ווא־לט געווען וויכטיק אויס׊ובאַהאַלטן זײַן נא֞מען, די קךיסטן זא־לן נישט וויסן, אַז בײַ יי֮דן גייט אַךום אַזאַ געהיימעך קלאַנג, אַז דעך קיניג וועט מיט זײַנע מלחמות גו׹ם זײַן די יי֎דישע גאולה. מע קען זיך אַ׀ֿילו משעך זײַן, ׀ֿאַךווא֞ס מע הא־ט אויסגענו׊ט אַזאַ שי׀ֿעך: די אותיות טית און יוד קא֞נען זײַן ךא֞שי֟ת֌יבֿות ׀ֿון זײַן טיטל imperator terrae.

ס’איז וויכטיק ׊ו׊וגעבן, אַז געוויסע קךיסטלעכע שךײַבעך הא־בן געגלייבט, אַז קאַךל דעך גךויסעך וועט זיך אומקעךן איידעך יעזוס וועט זיך באַווײַזן שום שווייטן מא־ל. אַזוי הא־ט געשךיבן אינעם 11טן יא֞ךהונדעךט דעך מא֞נאַך אַדעמאַך ׀ֿון לימא֞זש, ׀ֿךאַנקךײַך. אויב אַ טייל יי֮דן הא־בן געגלייבט אין ע׀֌עס ענלעכס, ווא־לט מען געקא֞נט ׀ֿאַךשךײַבן דעם „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟ נא־כן טויט ׀ֿון קאַךל דעם גךויסן.

ואַחךון אַחךון חבֿיבֿ, דעך סטיל ׀ֿונעם „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟ איז ווו֌נדעךלעך ענלעך אויף דעך אַלט֟בײַעךישעך אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טישעך ׀֌א֞עמע Muspilli, ׀ֿונעם 9טן יא֞ךהונדעךט, ווו֌ דעך הוי׀֌טהעלד איז אויך אליהו הנבֿיא. עטלעכע שטיקלעך ׀ֿון ביידע טעקסטן קלינגען כ֌מעט אידענטיש. ווײַזט אויס, אַז אונדזעך מדךש געהעךט טאַקע שו דעך ת֌קו׀ֿה ׀ֿון קאַךל דעם גךויסן — שי, א׀ֿשך, מיט אַ דוך֟׊וויי ש׀֌עטעך — ווען אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טישע געדאַנקען זענען געווען ׀ֿאַךש׀֌ךייט אויך בײַ די קךיסטן.

דעך אימאַזש, אַז דעך אייבעךשטעך וועט אַוועקטךא֞גן די שדיקים אין ע׀֌עס אַ הימלישעך וועלט, ווען די גאַנ׊ע עךד וועט בךענען, קלינגט ממש ווי דעך געךמאַנישעך מיטא֞ס וועגן דעם ךאַגנאַךיא֞ק, דעם סוף ׀ֿון דעך וועלט, א֞׀֌געש׀֌יגלט אויך אין Muspilli.

באַקומט זיך, אַז יי֮דן אין דײַטשלאַנד הא־בן נא־ך מיט 1200 יא־׹ שו׹יק אַךויסגעךעדט דעם תוו ווי „ס‟. שי הא־בן אַ טייל ׀ֿון זיי דעמא֞לט שוין געךעדט אויף דײַטשיש, נישט אַלט֟׀ֿךאַנ׊ויזיש? אין 838 הא־ט דעך ׀ֿךאַנקישעך גלח בא־דא־ זיך מגיי׹ געווען; זײַן יי֎דישעך נא֞מען איז געווען אליעזך. עך הא־ט געדינט אינעם הויף ׀ֿון קאַךלס זון לוי֎ס דעם עךלעכן. ווײַזט אויס, אַז אַךום יענעם דײַטשיש֟ךעדנדיקן גלח איז שוין געווען בנימשא אַ גענוג גךויסע יי֎דישע סבֿיבֿה, וועלכע הא־ט מש׀֌יע געווען אויף זײַן באַשלוס שו וועךן אַ יי֮ד. אויף וועלכעך ש׀֌ךאַך זיי הא־בן געךעדט, ווייסן מי׹ נישט גענוי, שום באַדויעךן.

דעך „ס׀ֿך אליהו‟ איז, ווײַזט אויס, דעך עלטסטעך א֞׀֌געהיטעך ׀֌ךא֞טא֞֟אַשכ֌נזישעך קוואַל. ביזן 11טן יא֞ךהונדעךט איז אין אךץ֟אַשכ֌נז בכלל נישט געווען באַקאַנט די גמ׹א. ווי מע זעט ׀ֿון די אַשכ֌נזישע ס׀ֿךים, אַז אַ׀ֿילו ש׀֌עטעך זענען בײַ מיסטיש֟געשטימטע דײַטשישע יי֮דן געווען גא־׹ וויכטיק — א׀ֿשך, נא־ך וויכטיקעך ווי די גמ׹א — ׀ֿא֞לק֟מעשׂיות, ש׀֌ךוכן און סגולות, וכ֌דומה. אַז זיי הא־בן געשילדעךט די ביאת֟המשיח ווי אַ כ֌מו֟קךיסטלעך אַ׀֌א֞קאַלי׀֌טיש געשעעניש, אויסגעמישט מיט אימאַזשן ׀ֿון געךמאַנישעך מיטא֞לא֞גיע, איז נישט קיין גךויסעך חידוש. דעך דײַטשישעך ׀ֿא֞לקלא֞ך ׀ֿאַךנעמט אַ גךויס א֞ךט אין דעך אַלט֟יי֎דישעך ליטעךאַטוך, ווי אויך, ווייניקעך, אין עךנסטע ס׀ֿךים. אַז אַזאַ קולטוך֟סינטעז הא־ט זיך שוין א֞נגעהויבן אינעם 9טן יא֞ךהונדעךט איז א֞בעך יא־ אַ חידוש.

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Roy Lichtenstein was far more than just a copyist, Roy Lichtenstein was far more than just a copyist

It’s easy to understand why the new Roy Lichtenstein exhibit at the Whitney Museum foregrounds the issue of copying, even to the extent of embracing it. Lichtenstein was — as his “Image Duplicator” from 1963 (included prominently here) shows — a constant and avowed copier. That’s by no means all he did, but he was famous for taking comic book art and making it epic. The issue was publicly and recently revisited by James L. Hussey and Jesse Finley Reed in their 2023 documentary Whaam! Blam! Roy Lichtenstein and the Art of Appropriation, in which researcher David Barsalou found hundreds of images which Lichtenstein used as source material.

Just for the sake of an in-your-face example of duplication, the Whitney owns the study for his massive 1964 World’s Fair mural “Girl in Window.” In addition to displaying that image in the exhibition gallery, the museum has mounted a spectacular replica of it on the outside of the building that is almost twice the size of the original. The 32-foot reproduction demonstrates the radical difference in scale between a comic panel and the monumental installation. It also has the effect of encouraging tourists on the High Line to visit “Roy Lichtenstein: Like New.”

Installation view of ‘Roy Lichtenstein: Like New’ (Whitney Museum of American Art) Photo by Filip Wolak

The copying doesn’t stop there, it goes on and on. The most striking of the several works in the exhibition that were inspired by Lichtenstein’s practice comes from artist Alex Da Corte (also one of the curators). His large outside artwork “Hot Dog With Ketchup” traces directly back to Lichtenstein’s much smaller 1964 “Hot Dog.” Though the other work is smaller and located inside, Da Corte’s benefits from size, color, condiment, and location — his work sits opposite the hot dog vendors that cater to Whitney visitors and High Line walkers.

What the Whitney doesn’t mention, in its consideration of Lichtenstein’s art in the era of AI appropriation and TikTok culture, is that the mid-20th century was a time when people were already worried about copies. Jews and antisemites especially were extremely concerned with what it meant to take one thing and reproduce it. The question of mass production, reproduction and art had reached America as early as in 1917, when Marcel Duchamp took a mass-produced urinal and submitted it upside-down for a show in New York as “Fountain.”

Roy Lichtenstein, ‘Laughing Cat,’ 1961. Courtesy of © Estate of Roy Lichtenstein/DACS 2026

That was already about a decade after the antisemitic Austrian politician Hermann Bielohlawek — a member of the Vienna City Council and ally of the Nazi-forerunner Karl Lueger — said “Culture is what a Jew copies from another.” (“Kultur ist was ein Jud’ von anderen abschreibt,” as quoted in David Nirenberg’s Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition.) Once the slow trickle of emancipation legislation acknowledged that Jews should have the same rights as other citizens and were legally part of the European body politic, racist cultural arbiters were invested in disallowing them from European culture as an ersatz people just copying “real” Europeans.

So, yes, Lichtenstein owes a lot of his understanding of perception and practice to his professor Hoyt L. Sherman and the Flash Lab at Ohio State University, but the idea of aping and shaping culture from ready-made images is a larger topic. Perhaps too, it was a topic for which America — not immured in canonical European Christian art — had a specific role to play. When I arrived in the country late in the last millennium I was amazed that cooking recipes listed ready-made ingredients like cans of mushroom soup. But maybe there’s a liberation in that.

By Duchamp’s time, culture had crashed through the walls of decorum, but in the generations between him and Lichtenstein, technology had also moved on. While Lichtenstein was at grade school on 89th Street on the Upper West Side, Walter Benjamin was writing his prescient, seminal 1935 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproducibility,” which discusses, among other things, how contemporary image reproduction undermines the almost religious nature of art: Viewing a postcard of the Mona Lisa is not the same as experiencing it in person.

Roy Lichtenstein, ‘The Engagement Ring,’ 1961. Courtesy of Collection of Ronnie F. Heyman. © Estate of Roy Lichtenstein/DACS 2026

By taking ready-made images of everyday life from tins, comics, or — in one particularly heavy-handed instance — from Erle Loran’s book Cezanne’s Composition and pulling them back into the realm of art, Lichtenstein was joining an established conversation in parallel with the other preeminent Pop Artist, Andy Warhol. But, unless you are on the 7th floor where the museum is displaying Family Album, a small Warhol show, don’t mention that other “W” word at the Whitney this fall: The museum has gone big for this show. “Like New” is the first New York Lichtenstein retrospective it over 30 years, it is his centenary show (though three years late because of COVID), and Roy is the hometown hero, so gentrified downtown is all “L” all the time.

The closest the exhibition comes to including Warhol is displaying “Laughing Cat,” a 1961 painting that Lichtenstein included in a trade (with other art) for portrait commissions from his Pittsburgh peer in 1975. Little seen in the past 50 years, Lichtenstein’s “Laughing Cat” sits next to “Engagement Ring: just as it did in his breakthrough 1962 show at the Leo Castelli Gallery. At the press presentation, curators Da Corte and Meg Onli expressed their appropriate pride at recreating that show in a room inset into the spacious Whitney galleries.

It’s both breathtaking to be taken back to 1962 and also retro fun. Though it’s an actual reproduction of the gallery, the reproduced studio is radically different from the original, not just because it’s 64 years on and this time the setting is a museum, rather than a for-profit art gallery. But also, relatedly, because these pieces of art are not new but proven, even iconic. It’s worth comparing the Castelli Gallery to The Cavern where — at almost the same time as that show — four young Liverpudlians were working out the kinks in “Love Me Do,” one of their first songs fashioned from the chords of the American rock and R&B covers they loved.

Roy Lichtenstein, ‘Girl with Ball,’ 1961. Courtesy of Gift of Philip Johnson. © Estate of Roy Lichtenstein/DACS 2026 © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY

Is any of this “Like New” as the title of the exhibition would have it? Certainly not in the sense that nothing in seeing this massive and beautifully spaced retrospective is like seeing the work as it was freshly made. Even the inclusion of four just-painted life-size murals, beginning with the bright, audacious Greene Street mural as you enter the exhibit does not make it “like new.”

However, the title works in the intended sense that Lichtenstein made existing things seem “like new.” He took ready-made images and techniques from the market and the culture around him and — to use the word coined by Viktor Shklovsky in the decade before Lichtenstein’s birth — “defamiliarized” them. So, in the sense that both Lichtenstein and the curators are  presenting common, everyday, iconic things in an unfamiliar or strange way — yes.

The issue of copying is, to my mind, relatively trivial. AI has effectively stolen all the words and images that have ever been made without any compensation for the creators while using those words and images in exactly the same way that the creators intended them. Lichtenstein transformed the work he found.

In its review of Hussey and Reed’s film, the Guardian quoted Michael Daley, a cartoonist, talking about the feelings of those artists whose images Lichtenstein used: “Comic book artists are rightly aggrieved. Aside from outright plagiarisms, technically and artistically, they are generally far better draughtsmen than Lichtenstein.” But the review goes on to cite the authoritative answer of Bradford R Collins, author of Pop Art and professor of art history at the University of South Carolina. He defended Lichtenstein: “It’s not plagiarism. It’s appropriation,” he wrote. “With plagiarism, you’re stealing somebody’s work and using it for the same purpose they did. If Lichtenstein made comic books out of it, that would be stealing. But appropriation means you’re taking something and reusing it for a very different purpose, taking something out of a comic book and making it into a painting
.I can understand why [Hy] Eisman [another cartoonist] would feel angry. I would feel the same way. But artistically, it’s not plagiarism.”

The author at the Whitney’s Roy Lichtenstein exhibit. Photo by Dan Friedman

What’s perhaps more interesting about this is what came out of the experiment? What is of worth and what is of value? By taking us from the source material to an incredible array of Lichtenstein’s art, to art that uses Lichtenstein himself as a starting point, the curators give us space to ask those questions. They have seriously and playfully recreated the Castelli gallery, presented an Artist’s Studio (riffing off Lichtenstein’s series of the same name, itself an homage to Henri Matisse’s l’Atelier Rouge), dedicated an entire room to Lichtenstein’s only movie (Three Landscapes), an oval space to his Mirror series, and a large wall to his Rouen cathedral series that made Claude Monet pop in many senses of the term. They have stunningly displayed “Sunrise” (1965) in front of a vast window where the sun sets into the Hudson.

For my part, I don’t particularly consider Lichtenstein one of the true Greats. And, not least because of its tendency to drift into the spectacular or decorative, Pop Art often seems to lack substance.  But that’s a matter of taste. I thoroughly enjoyed my 90 minutes at ‘Like New’ and, for the next seven months at least, can’t imagine a better place to go and argue about the significance of 20th century art.

The post Roy Lichtenstein was far more than just a copyist, Roy Lichtenstein was far more than just a copyist appeared first on The Forward.

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They want Jewish life without Zionism. Now they’re building the institutions to match.

(JTA) — One year after Jewish Currents editor-at-large Arielle Angel called for “new Jewish institutions” that have no attachment to Israel or Zionism, more than 100 Jews crammed into a Victorian house-turned-event space in central Brooklyn in hopes of creating them.

The event was billed as a bootcamp for people hoping to get fledgling Jewish groups off the ground. Sessions focused on topics like staffing and funding, as well as discussions about who, exactly, is welcome in a space that is “anti-Zionist,” “non-Zionist,” “diasporist” and the like.

Many of the groups represented on Monday were minyans, which host prayer services in locations like people’s apartments or community spaces. They sought practical guidance for building their institutions, but also for defining who to welcome as their ranks expand.

“If we’re doing things right,” Angel said, “many of these small minyans will be synagogues in a few years.”

Esti, 27, who declined to share her last name to maintain privacy, is involved in leading an anti-Zionist minyan in Brooklyn. She said she has heard from “so many” attendees that they were relieved to attend services in a space without an Israeli flag.

“People are like, ‘I never thought I could be in a Jewish space like this, I never thought I’d see queer people leading, I never thought I could be in a Jewish space where they’re saying Free Palestine,’” she said. The minyan averages about 50 attendees at Shabbat services, she said.

Some of the speakers at the workshop detailed how they have refused to compromise their organizations’ politics. One panel led by Rabbi Brant Rosen, who helped found the anti-Zionist synagogue Tzedek Chicago, and Rebecca Vilkomerson, the former director of the anti-Zionist group, Jewish Voice for Peace, focused on the process of setting an organization’s “political boundaries.”

Rosen spoke from his own experience, saying that Tzedek Chicago was presented as “consciously not an inclusive community.”

“In other words, this is what we stand for, it might not be for you, it might not be for everyone, and that’s OK. There are many places out there that you can choose,” he said. Rosen added that potential members were not forced to agree in order to join, but rather that they were faced with the question: “Given that these are our values, is this a community you want to belong to?”

Esti spoke to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency on the sideline of the Urbane Arts Club event, which JTA attended on the condition that attendees’ in-session remarks throughout the day were kept off the record, though panelists’ remarks were all on the record.

Americans’ support for Israel has dropped writ large amid its military campaign in Gaza and the war with Iran. A survey by the Jewish Federations of North America found that 37% of Jewish respondents said they identified as Zionist, while 7% labeled themselves anti-Zionist and another 8% said they were non-Zionist. Another 18% said they weren’t sure, while 30% said none of the labels described them.

According to an AP-NORC poll from earlier this year, support for Israel is a less significant component of younger Jews’ religious identity versus Jews older than 45.

“These groups are starting up because of demand,” Rabbi Alissa Wise told JTA.

Wise is a co-founder of the Jewish Diaspora Movement, the group behind Monday’s bootcamp, which is itself in its beginning stages. She has previously worked for JVPe and in October 2023 founded Rabbis for Ceasefire, which has protested for a Gaza ceasefire and an end to U.S. military aid to Israel.

While JVP “played a pivotal role in building Jewish life outside of Zionism,” Wise said there was still a major gap in religious and cultural Jewish institutions that reject Zionism.

In addition to the represented minyans, which facilitate prayer services, and the havurahs, which offer events such as Shabbat dinners and other holiday celebrations, Angel said some attendees were looking to start projects including summer camps, educational offerings and cultural projects such as theater collectives.

Jen Kaminsky, an attendee who is part of the Buffalo Jewish Collective’s leadership team, told JTA that her organization welcomes “a range of Jews, many of whom have not felt comfortable in legacy Jewish institutions.”

“We say that we welcome anti-Zionists and non-Zionists, and people who are questioning Zionism and people who have a range of relationships to Zionism,” Kaminsky said. “If you are comfortable with the values that we put out, or you’re comfortable being in a room where those values are the dominant values, we welcome you.”

Vilkomerson told the group that there should be an attempt to grow membership by engaging people closer to the center in “left-liberal coalitions,” but without making concessions on left-wing values. She put the concept into New York City political terms, pointing to the political alliance between the anti-Zionist Mayor Zohran Mamdani and the liberal Zionist Brad Lander.

“Brad, as a liberal Zionist, was able to partner with Zohran Mamdani — but Zohran set the terms of the campaign, not Brad,” she said.

Also on Monday, Lissy Romanow — a co-founder of the group IfNotNow, which describes itself as “anti-occupation” — gave a nuts-and-bolts session on the first steps of creating an organization, including how to concisely conceive of a group’s DNA and how to avoid burnout among volunteers.

As groups look to grow and achieve loftier goals like setting up permanent locations and hiring paid staff, one clear obstacle stands in the way: funding.

“There’s only so much money on the Jewish left,” Angel told JTA.

Any anti-Zionist group is highly unlikely to receive funds from one of the country’s many Jewish federations, which often maintain deep ties to Israel.

Three left-wing Jewish donors — Liana Krupp, Deborah Sagner and Kathleen Peratis — spoke on Monday about the limited landscape of funding for Jewish anti-Zionist organizations.

“If we don’t flip liberal Zionists we’re not going to grow, because that’s where the money is,” Peratis said.

Participants on Monday, whose groups are mostly volunteer-run, did not have any illusions about that landscape.

“For now, the goal is to keep doing Shabbat in a sustainable way on a regular basis,” Esti said. But she also shared her long-term vision.

“I think it would be amazing to have a brick-and-mortar shul, a place we could call our definitive home,” she said. “But that’s way, way far down the line.”

This article originally appeared on JTA.org.

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