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6 spectacular synagogues from a new book on Manhattan’s houses of worship
(New York Jewish Week) – In the mid 1990s, New York-based photographer Michael Horowitz wandered into the Eldridge Street Synagogue, a historic synagogue that is now dedicated to preserving the history of the Jewish Lower East Side.
At the time, the synagogue was undergoing a massive, $20 million, 20-year restoration. Horowitz, who is Jewish but said he is “not religious,” was moved by the resilience and perseverance of the congregation. Even more so, he was attracted to the building’s architecture and the dedication the community poured into preserving it.
Horowitz returned to Eldridge Street over the years to document each stage of the building’s renovations. It was in 2013, while looking for a new photography project, that Horowitz realized his impulse to document Eldridge Street could be translated to houses of worship throughout the city. He spent the next decade photographing Manhattan’s churches and synagogues — 95 of which are spotlighted in his new book “Divine New York: Inside the Historic Churches and Synagogues of Manhattan.”
Together, these buildings tell a fascinating New York story of immigration, architecture, faith and progress. “I wanted to open the doors to the public,” Horowitz, 71, told the New York Jewish Week. “I wanted to show everyone what was going on inside these buildings and show them how beautiful they are.”
He worked his way from Lower Manhattan through Harlem to some of the most notable houses of worship in the borough — from St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Midtown to the First Roumanian American Congregation, a now demolished Orthodox synagogue on the Lower East Side once known as “The Cantor’s Carnegie Hall.” Since beginning the project, a dozen of the buildings Horowitz photographed have been demolished, he said.
“Everyone should take the time and view them — even if you’re not religious,” added Horowitz, who has been interested in ecclesiastical architecture since he was a student at Queens College. “Then people will get an idea of what makes that specific group of people interesting and beautiful regardless of the dogma.”
According to writer Liz Hartman, who wrote the text to accompany Horowitz’s photos, these buildings tell the story of New York itself: When immigrant groups first came to the city with few resources, the structures were small and unassuming. Synagogues were built to serve one particular community — the Lower East Side’s Bialystoker Synagogue, for example, whose congregants were new immigrants from Bialystok, Poland. As the Jewish community began to prosper — and as immigrants began to arrive from all over Europe — synagogues became grander, more confident and diverse in membership.
“New York is the story of immigration, and the churches and synagogues are the story of immigration as well,” Hartman said. “Immigrants — New Yorkers — projected themselves through their houses of worship, and in a way that’s what made the city work. I hope that we can look at this project and see a story of immigrants — and see that we can support this with different groups going forward.”
Eleven of the houses of worship featured in “Divine New York” are synagogues. The New York Jewish Week tasked Horowitz and Hartman with selecting the most historically or architecturally significant synagogues of the bunch —no easy task because every house of worship in the book is a historic and notable one. Keep reading to see their selections and to learn more about these important Jewish sites.
Eldridge Street Synagogue (12 Eldridge St.)
A prominent stained glass window at Eldridge Street was destroyed in a 1938 hurricane — it wasn’t replaced until 2010, with a design from artist Kiki Smith (right). (Michael Horowitz)
This historic Lower East Side synagogue, dedicated in 1887, was the first synagogue building in New York erected specifically as a Jewish house of worship. “Right from the start, it distinguished itself from other synagogues by welcoming Jews from all over Eastern Europe while other congregations were defined by the towns or cities from which they came,” Hartman writes in the book. “It was also economically diverse; migrants right off the boat, peddlers, sweatshop workers, bankers, and entertainers were among its members.” The synagogue was also Orthodox at a time when New York’s grandest synagogues were being built by Reform congregations.
Eldridge Street Synagogue as seen from the balcony. (Michael Horowitz)
For decades, the synagogue thrived as Jewish immigrants filled the Lower East Side. However, by 1940, facing a dwindling membership, the congregation could no longer maintain the main sanctuary and closed it down. By 1970, the building was in danger of collapse and demolition. Students, journalists and historians teamed up to save the synagogue; the restoration began in 1986 and continued to 2007. Today, the building is known as the Eldridge Street Synagogue and Museum, which features exhibits, history and lectures on immigrant life in New York.
The Bialystoker Synagogue (7-11 Bialystoker Pl.)
The Bialystoker Synagogue is found in a Lower East Side building with an unassuming exterior, a holdover from the Methodist Church that was once there. (Michael Horowitz)
Founded on the Lower East Side in 1865, the Bialystoker Synagogue made its home in 1826 church building, purchased from a Methodist congregation, made with schist from Manhattan bedrock. The congregation maintained the austere exterior — though the interior was updated dramatically and boasts a grand ark and floor-to-ceiling stained glass windows. Curiously, an image of a lobster is featured on the elaborately painted ceiling murals — with little explanation for how the non-kosher crustacean might fit into the synagogue’s mission or Jewish identity. One hint is that the panel marks the Hebrew month of Tammuz, which corresponds with the astrological sign of Cancer, the crab. “It was bought from the Methodist Mariner’s Church, and there were a lot of fishermen that belonged to that church,” Horowitz told the New York Jewish Week. Or perhaps a kosher-keeping muralist didn’t know the difference between a lobster and a crab.
An image of a lobster is on the ceiling of the synagogue, in a mural marking the Hebrew month of Tammuz. (Michael Horowitz)
The synagogue, built in a traditional Orthodox style, has a balcony for women worshippers. In one corner of the balcony, a hidden door leads to an attic, which Hartman writes was allegedly a stop on the Underground Railroad.
The synagogue underwent a renovation in 1988 and is still an active traditional Orthodox congregation.
Central Synagogue (652 Lexington Ave.)
Central Synagogue moved into its Lexington Avenue location in 1872. While most congregations face east, towards Jerusalem, Central faces west. Hartman explains that the real estate was “too good to pass up,” and the congregation decided to have an entrance on Lexington. (Michael Horowitz)
Completed in 1872, the building that houses the renowned Reform congregation in Midtown East seats nearly 1,500 people — a fraction of the congregation’s approximately 2,600 members. That’s a long way from the original 18 members from Bohemia, a region of the present-day Czech Republic, who started the congregation in 1846 in a remodeled church in the East Village.
Central Synagogue was built around the same time and in the same neighborhood as the Episcopal St. Thomas Cathedral and the Catholic St. Patrick’s Cathedral — some of New York’s grandest churches, which are also featured in the book. “Each of the groups were saying, ‘We’re here and we’re proud and we have prosperity.’ They were showing off, but in a really beautiful way,” Hartman said. “For Central, it was very much a message of assimilation. They were as interested in liberty, inclusion and reform as they were in Jewish ritual.”
Congregation Shearith Israel (8 West 70th St.)
Congregation Shearith Israel, also known as the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, was the only synagogue in New York for nearly a century and a half. The congregation moved several times before finding a permanent home on the Upper West Side. (Michael Horowitz)
Congregation Shearith Israel, also known as the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, was the first Jewish congregation in the United States, made up of Sephardic Jews who had arrived in New York in 1654 via Recife, Brazil. The congregation was the only Jewish one in New York for a century and a half before a faction of Ashkenazi members grew big enough to split off and form B’nai Jeshurun in 1825. While the congregation was housed in several different buildings throughout its history, it has been in its current home on the Upper West Side since 1896.
Temple Emanu-El (1 East 65th St.)
Temple Emanu-El was named one of eight “religious” wonders in the United States by CNN, writes Hartman. (Michael Horowitz)
Founded by a small group of German Jews in 1845, Temple Emanu-El has become one of the grandest and more well-known synagogues in New York, boasting prominent members like ex-mayors Ed Koch and Mike Bloomberg, as well as hundreds of other influential Manhattanites.
Considered one of the leading synagogues in the Reform movement, Emanu-El made waves throughout the 19th century for translating all-Hebrew services into German, then English, as well as for installing an organ and for abandoning the mechitzah, the traditional divider between men and women during prayer. After several spots downtown, the congregation moved into its current building on 5th Avenue — the former site of John Jacob Astor’s mansion — in 1927. It can hold 2,500 people, making it one of the largest synagogues in the world.
Park East Synagogue (163 East 67th St.)
The architects Schneider and Herter “took a no-holds-barred approach to the elaborate Byzantine-Moorish design of the synagogue,” writes Hartman of the arches, colors, stained glass and ark at Park East. (Michael Horowitz)
Built in 1890 by brothers Jonas and Samuel Ephraim in honor of their late father, Zichron Ephraim, this Orthodox synagogue has elaborate and eclectic arches, cupolas and stained glass throughout its design, reflecting its prominence in the New York Jewish community. “The design of the synagogue is anything but subtle and so, too, is its spiritual leader for more than 50 years, Rabbi Arthur Schneier, who is outspoken in his advocacy of religious freedom, human rights, and mutual respect,” writes Hartman.
It was Schneier who invited Pope Benedict XVI to Park East in 2008, marking the first ever papal visit to a synagogue in the United States. Schneier, who is currently searching for a successor, was conferred a papal knighthood for interfaith effort for religious freedom. For many decades, Park East was a haven for Jews who immigrated from the Soviet Union.
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Israel Shores Up Air Defenses, Expected to Hit Iran Launchers Early to Ease Stockpile Strain
An Israeli air defense system intercepts a ballistic missile barrage launched from Iran to central Israel during the missile attack, June 20, 2026. Photo: Eli Basri / SOPA Images via Reuters Connect
Israel is slated to spend billions shoring up its air defenses against another Iranian missile campaign, and with dwindling interceptor stockpiles a subject of speculation and growing concern, missile-defense experts say the next round of escalation would likely place more weight on offensive action.
With the prospect of another confrontation on the horizon as negotiations between the US and Iran look increasingly unstable, the debate over the volume and price of interceptors in a major exchange has resurfaced. During the 12-day war in June, Israeli media reported that in some cases the Air Force did not intercept Iranian missiles because of limitations in interceptor availability — allegations the defense establishment has denied.
Missile-defense analyst Tal Inbar said while Israel keeps its remaining interceptor inventory and replenishment pace a secret, domestic production levels have ramped up significantly since June.
Still, he said Israel drew lessons from the war and has adopted “adaptive tactics,” including putting more emphasis on early strikes designed to cut the number of missiles that need to be intercepted.
“There is an ongoing operation, if a war starts, to find and hit the launchers in Iran,” he told The Algemeiner. “Every missile that we can destroy over Iran is one less missile that we have to intercept, so we won’t deplete our interceptor arsenal.”
Israel’s air defenses range from Iron Dome, built for short-range rockets such as those fired from Gaza and Lebanon, to David’s Sling for medium-range threats and the Arrow systems for long-range ballistic missiles such as those launched from Iran, a distance of nearly 1,000 miles. Iron Dome interceptors are generally estimated to cost in the tens of thousands of dollars, while Arrow interceptors can run into the millions per unit, meaning a sustained Iranian barrage could translate into billions of dollars in defensive fire.
US defenses face their own resupply strain after multiyear demand tied in part to Ukraine. Aegis-equipped US ships have also been intercepting missiles and drones over the Red Sea, adding to demand for US interceptors. For example, during the 12-day war, THAAD batteries in the region fired more than 150 interceptors in under two weeks, about a quarter of the system’s lifetime production. The Pentagon has since moved to expand interceptor output across multiple systems as well as THAAD, including Patriot and SM-3.
According to a Wall Street Journal report published over the course of the war, both the US and Israel’s anti-ballistic Arrow system were running low on interceptors.
Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) said it had increased production. Arrow-4, which is set to replace Arrow-2 for within-atmosphere interceptions, is also in the latter stages of development and is scheduled for deployment in the coming months, IAI CEO Boaz Levy said last week, “increasing Israel’s interception success rates.” Arrow-3 is “exo-atmospheric,” designed to engage ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere.
Advisers to US President Donald Trump have privately pushed for Israel to strike Iran ahead of any US action, Politico reported on Thursday, citing two people familiar with the discussions, with one saying “the politics are a lot better if the Israelis go first.”
US Vice President JD Vance said Thursday there was “no chance” a strike against Iran would turn into a protracted war, the Washington Post reported.
USS Gerald R. Ford, the world’s largest aircraft carrier, arrived at Israel’s coast on Friday.
Israel has also been preparing for the likelihood that Hezbollah, the Iran-backed terrorist group in Lebanon, would join any confrontation. Over the past week the Israeli military has intensified strikes on Hezbollah-linked operatives and infrastructure, including launch sites and weapons stockpiles, as part of an effort to weaken the Iranian proxy group’s ability to join the Islamic Republic in a war. Twelve senior operatives were killed this month alone, Israel’s Channel 12 reported.
According to Inbar, who is a senior research fellow at the Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance, the cost to Iran as the attacker is far lower per unit, creating an economic asymmetry that becomes more consequential the longer a barrage lasts. “Almost every time, an interceptor costs more than the missile that you want to intercept,” he said. “Defense is much more expensive than offense.”
Still, he cautioned that the comparison ignores the damage prevented by interceptors. “You cannot compare the price of the Arrow 3 to you losing a hospital or a power plant.”
The latest round of US-Iran diplomacy produced conflicting assessments, with mediator Oman saying there was “significant progress” during Thursday’s talks in Geneva while the Journal reported that the sides were “still far apart on key issues.”
In comments published Friday, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas said any deal would require Washington to drop “excessive demands.”
Meanwhile, Hebrew-language media cited unnamed senior officials as saying that a US strike was once again starting to look more probable in the coming days. US Central Command chief Navy Adm. Brad Cooper briefed Trump on Thursday on potential military options against Iran, according to ABC news.
The US on Friday authorized “non-emergency” staffers at its embassy in Jerusalem to leave the country citing “safety risks.”
On February 27, 2026, the Department of State authorized the departure of non-emergency U.S. government personnel and family members of U.S. government personnel from Mission Israel due to safety risks.
In response to security incidents and without advance notice, the U.S.… pic.twitter.com/aWzX6Gk36x
— U.S. Embassy Jerusalem (@usembassyjlm) February 27, 2026
Also on Friday, Canada urged its citizens to “leave Iran now,” warning that hostilities could start with “no warning.”
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Popular Right-Wing YouTuber Under Fire After Supporting Probe to ‘Expose’ Jewish ‘Invasion’ of New Jersey
Nick Shirley speaks during a roundtable on antifa, an anti-fascist movement US President Donald Trump designated a domestic “terrorist organization” via executive order on Sept. 22, at the White House in Washington, DC, US, Oct. 8, 2025. Photo: REUTERS/Evelyn Hockstein
American social media personality Nick Shirley, a 23-year-old YouTuber known for his controversial investigative videos, has drawn scrutiny after endorsing a “documentary” about a supposed “Jewish invasion.”
Shirley reposted a message from fellow content creator Tyler Oliveira promoting a 73-minute video claiming to expose a “Jewish invasion” of New Jersey. Oliveira also included a graphic appearing to show Orthodox Jews causing destruction and threatening non-Jews.
In his repost on the X social media platform, Shirley wrote “EXPOSE IT ALL,” a phrase that drew attention over his apparent call to target New Jersey’s Jewish community.
EXPOSE IT ALL
— Nick shirley (@nickshirleyy) February 25, 2026
The endorsement came one day after Shirley attend the 2026 State of the Union address as the guest of Republican US Rep. Pete Stauber of Minnesota.
The “documentary” itself focuses on a narrative about Orthodox Jewish communities in New Jersey, including local disputes over welfare and land use. In the film, Oliviera depicts the state’s Jewish community as exploiting the legal system to divert funding from public schools to private Jewish schools and using political leverage to exploit the local non-Jewish community.
Oliveria has an extensive video library in which he posts lengthy documentaries characterizing the presence of local minority communities as “invasions.” In January, he posted a 22-minute video detailing the supposed “invasion” of Indian immigrants into Canada.
Shirley, a popular right-wing political commentator and self-described investigative journalist, first gained widespread attention in late 2025 after posting a video alleging widespread fraud at Somali-run childcare centers and similar facilities in Minnesota. The video, which received millions of views on social media, led to national debate and political action including the temporary suspension of certain federal funding.
Upon the release of the investigation, Shirley’s national profile surged dramatically. His video was shared by Elon Musk and US Vice President JD Vance.
“This dude has done far more useful journalism than any of the winners of the 2024 @pulitzercenter prizes,” Vance wrote on X while sharing the video.
Despite the video’s viral success, independent factchecking and state agency records later showed that elements of Shirley’s Minnesota report were either incorrect or lacked sufficient evidence for the claims he made. At least two of the Minnesota facilities featured in his video had been closed for some time, and state officials have not confirmed the specific fraud allegations presented in the video.
Unlike the video focused on Minnesota, the video featuring Jewish families did not uncover any systemic pattern of fraudulent activity, raising questions over the motive of the purported investigation.
Shirley’s call to “expose” the Jewish community of New Jersey comes at a time when, according to recent polling, young Republicans have increasingly embraced antisemitism and conspiracy theories.
Earlier this month, for example, a new survey by Irwin Mansdorf, a fellow at the Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs, and Charles Jacobs, president of the Jewish Leadership Project, found that 45 percent of Republicans under the age of 44 said Jews pose a threat to the “American way of life.”
In December, the Manhattan Institute, a prominent US-based think tank, released a major poll showing that younger Republican voters are much less supportive of Israel and more likely to express antisemitic views than their older cohorts.
According to the data, 25 percent of Republicans under 50 openly express antisemitic views as opposed to just 4 percent over the age of 50.
Startlingly, a substantial amount, 37 percent, of GOP voters indicate belief in Holocaust denialism. These figures are more pronounced among young men under 50, with a majority, 54 percent, agreeing that the Holocaust “was greatly exaggerated or did not happen as historians describe.” Among men over 50, 41 percent agree with the sentiment.
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Jewish Advocacy Groups Sue California Over K-12 Antisemitism
Students from Encinal High School and St. Joseph Notre Dame High School in Alameda, California, participating in anti-Israel demonstration on Jan 26. 2024: Photo: Michael Ho Wai Lee / SOPA Images via Reuters Connect
A coalition of leading Jewish advocacy organizations is suing the state of California for allegedly failing to address “systemic” antisemitic discrimination in K-12 public schools.
Led by the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law and StandWithUs, the legal action stems from consecutive years of antisemitic abused perpetrated against Jewish students, parents, and teachers by anti-Zionists at every level of the school system. Court documents shared with The Algemeiner earlier this week revealed new, harrowing accusations of Jews being called “k—kes,” Jewish students being threatened with gang assaults, and K-12 students chanting “F—k the Jews” during anti-Israel demonstrations promoted by faculty.
In one highly disturbing incident described in the legal complaint, fifth graders from the Oakland Unified School District were filmed by the teacher saying “Another major thing that I’ve learned is that the Jews, the people who took over, basically just stole the Palestinians’ land” and “one thing that’s really surprising to me, and that appeals to me is that the US is helping the Jews.” In another incident, the Oakland Education Association confected a curriculum in which the intifada — two prolonged periods of terrorism in which Palestinians murdered Israeli civilians — was taught to third graders as a nursery rhyme.
“The California education system is teaching the state’s children that Jewish Americans and Israelis are racists, white supremacists, oppressors, and baby-killers who should be shunned,” Brandeis Center chairman and former US assistant secretary of education for civil rights Kenneth Marcus said in a statement on Thursday. “The result is not surprising: Jewish children and children perceived as Jewish are bullied and excluded by their peers and harassed by their teachers, who silence, mock, and even segregate them if they speak out. School officials have done little or nothing at all to help these children.”
Litigation related to antisemitic incidents in California K-12 schools surged following Hamas’s Oct. 7, 2023, massacre across southern Israel, which triggered a barrage of antisemitic hate crimes throughout the US and the world. The list of outrages includes a student group chanting “Kill the Jews” during an anti-Israel protest and partisan activists smuggling far-left, anti-Zionist content into classrooms without clearing the content with parents and other stakeholders.
Elsewhere in California, K-12 antisemitism has caused severe psychological trauma to Jewish students as young as eight years old and fostered a hostile learning environment, according to complaints
In the Berkeley United School District (BUSD), teachers have allegedly used their classrooms to promote antisemitic stereotypes about Israel, weaponizing disciplines such as art and history to convince unsuspecting minors that Israel is a “settler-colonial” apartheid state committing a genocide of Palestinians. While this took place, high level BUSD officials were accused of ignoring complaints about discrimination and tacitly approving hateful conduct even as it spread throughout the student body.
At Berkeley High School, for example, a history teacher forced students to explain why Israel is an apartheid state and screened an anti-Zionist documentary, according to a lawsuit filed last year by the Brandeis Center and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). The teacher allegedly squelched dissent, telling a Jewish student who raised concerns about the content of her lessons that only anti-Zionist narratives matter in her classroom and that any other which argues that Israel isn’t an apartheid state is “laughable.” Elsewhere in the school, an art teacher, whose name is redacted from the complaint for matters of privacy, displayed anti-Israel artworks in his classroom, one of which showed a fist punching through a Star of David.
In September 2023, the Brandeis Center, along with the ADL and the American Jewish Committee (AJC), sued the Santa Clara Unified School District (SCUSD) in California for concealing from the public its adoption of ethnic studies curricula containing antisemitic and anti-Zionist themes. Then last February, the school district paused implementation of the program to settle the lawsuit. One month later, the Brandeis Center, StandWithUs, and the ADL filed a civil rights complaint accusing the Etiwanda School District in San Bernardino County, California, of doing nothing after a 12-year-old Jewish girl was assaulted, having been beaten with stick, on school grounds and teased with jokes about Adolf Hitler.
“Jews consistently are being targeted with hostility because of who they are, including in California and particularly in K-12 public schools. This lawsuit seeks to remedy that,” StandWithUs chief executive officer Roz Rothstein said in Thursday’s press release. “It is imperative that California K-12 schools not be co-opted by those seeking to indoctrinate students into antisemitic hate. However, Jewish students and parents indicate that this is precisely what is happening in California. Shockingly, those tasked with enforcing non-discrimination laws in our schools have failed to intervene effectively to put a stop to this growing problem.”
She added, “This lawsuit was necessitated by that systemic failure and seeks to ensure, going forward, that California’s Jewish students are protected and have access to an education free from discrimination.”
Follow Dion J. Pierre @DionJPierre.