Features
Helping to Right a Historic Wrong: Aviva Silberman believes that Holocaust survivors deserve to live in dignity and comfort

By SHARON GELBACH
The statistics are grim: a quarter of Holocaust survivors in Israel and a third of those in the US are living in poverty. These now-elderly people, who experienced some of the worst traumas in modern times, are subsisting on so little they can’t afford both food and medicine, or dental treatment, or house repairs, or to replace a broken appliance. Many are childless; many are the last remnant of their extended families, with no support network to advocate for them in their twilight years.
According to attorney Aviva Silberman, founder of Aviv for Holocaust Survivors, an organization that helps survivors apply for special benefits, thousands of Holocaust survivors fail to take advantage of the compensation that’s legally coming to them. “They simply don’t know about the benefits and what they’re entitled to, what forms to fill out, how to fill them out, or where to submit them,” she said.
There are several reparation payment or allowance programs available to survivors living around the world; however, deciphering the fine print as to who is eligible for which payment, which forms need to be completed; and what supporting documents must be provided for each can be overwhelming.
Aviv for Holocaust Survivors was founded in 2007 with the goal of helping Holocaust survivors access the benefits available to them. In its 13 years of operation, with the help of five lawyers and hundreds of volunteers, Aviv has helped 65,000 survivors actualize their rights and access more than $1.2 million payments and allowances completely free of charge.
No Longer Reluctant
Silberman explains the roots of this rampant poverty: “Due to their wartime experiences, some survivors continued to suffer psychological and physical problems that hindered their ability to work. This pattern has also carried over to the next generation.”
In the past, many people opted not to accept money from Germany, irrespective of their financial situation, observes Silberman. “Today, however, survivors realize that they are not helping anyone by refusing the money, and that at their stage of life, they certainly deserve to enjoy a higher standard of living.”
In addition to not knowing how to go about accessing payments and reparations, Silberman says that survivors are often fearful that by applying for additional benefits they will lose what they already have. In reality, however, about half the survivors who are assisted by Aviv are, in fact, eligible for more than they are currently receiving. “We encourage survivors to inquire about their benefits. In many cases, what they were told several years ago about not being entitled, has changed.”
A case in point, and one that affects thousands of survivors globally, is the new law, from July 2019, recognizing 20 Romanian cities as being ghettos. The significance of the revised legislation cannot be overstated: survivors from Romania who previously were not eligible for any of the German “rentas” or pensions, are now eligible for various grants and monthly allowances.
Leah, a survivor from Ramnicu Sarat, Romania, had previously fallen between the cracks in terms of receiving any financial aid, due to various technical and bureaucratic reasons. With the help of Aviv’s attorney Yael Gertler, she was able to receive a lump sum of $2,800 as well as a monthly allowance of $1,100. “Finally, at the age of 89, I’m finally recognized as a Holocaust survivor!” Leah said excitedly. “For decades, Germany never acknowledged the suffering we endured in Romania. I’m gratified that I am still alive to see Germany taking responsibility for what they did to us!”
Daunting Red Tape
Holocaust survivors and their children are often daunted by the seemingly endless paperwork and complex bureaucracy associated with applying for compensation. Working for 13 years with a team of professional lawyers, Aviv for Holocaust Survivors is uniquely positioned to assist survivors receive what is coming to them, thereby improving their quality of life immeasurably.
Gila, an 84-year-old survivor from Bulgaria, suffers various ailments along with dementia. For many years, she received a $700 monthly reparations allowance. In view of her mother’s degenerating state, Gila’s daughter Ronit requested an increased stipend from the government, but was turned down because they said Gila did not meet the necessary criteria. It never occurred to Ronit to try again, until she spoke to Linda Levy, one of Aviv’s consultants, who investigated the case and discovered that Gila had spent the war years in the ghetto in Sophia. Familiar with the updated rights due Holocaust survivors, she applied to various agencies including the Israeli Treasury and the German government. The applications were approved, and Gila began to receive $2,000 monthly from the Israeli government, as well as a lump sum of $16,700 and another $90 monthly allowance from Germany. Thanks to the extra income, Ronit can now afford to give her mother the best care available including costly treatments to ease her health issues.
The Poor Partisan
Without doubt, it takes patience and tenacity to overcome bureaucratic hurdles. In cases where individuals would give up, Aviv’s professionals are armed with the knowledge and persistence necessary for a positive outcome. Avigdor is a survivor from Poland who lives in Kiryat Ata. After learning that the Polish government was distributing a monthly reparations payment of $110, he traveled to the Entitlement Center in Haifa. Aviv’s Attorney Adi Keselman realized that notwithstanding the allowance from Poland, Avigdor was also eligible to have his monthly survivor’s allowance doubled. In conversation with Avigdor, she learned that he had fought in the Polish countryside with the partisans, and so she applied for an additional monthly stipend of $700 for war veterans who fought against the Nazis. After much back and forth, necessitating several home visits on the part of Aviv’s volunteers, their efforts paid off. Today, at 94, Avigdor receives a sizeable monthly sum that allows him to live out his days in comfort and security.
In the War In Utero
One of the more unexpected criteria for eligibility is “one who was a fetus at the time their mother suffered persecution by the Nazis.” Henia Klatsch, a survivor from Haifa, was born just two months after the end of World War II. Her parents had survived the Holocaust by hiding together with their two children in the home of a Polish family. Henia grew up with parents and siblings who emerged from the war alive in body, but severely scarred emotionally. After a turbulent childhood, Henia married Aryeh, also a Holocaust survivor.
A chance visit to the Aviv Entitlement Center in Haifa proved to be life-changing for the Klatches. Attorney Liora Zamir informed Henia that she might be eligible for Holocaust reparations due to her having been an unborn baby while her mother suffered persecution, and thus began a protracted bureaucratic process that included procuring several hard-to-get documents. “I wanted to give up a hundred times over, but Liora never let me,” Henia shares, speaking with emotion. “She fought like a lioness on my behalf! It’s only thanks to her caring, and her professional, devoted service that my application was eventually approved.”
The couple, which had previously subsisted only on Aryeh’s reparations, received a substantial financial boost. “A stone has been lifted from my heart,” Henia said. “I never had a childhood, but no one acknowledged my suffering before. This allowance is helping us make ends meet, and now I can even give something to our grandchildren, something that had not been possible before.”
Poverty of Spirit
Often, the consequence of the severe trauma suffered during the war years is a lack of mental stability, which renders the survivor’s situation all the more tragic. Ari, 84, made Aliyah from France in 2010, alone and destitute. His childhood years had been spent in hiding, which enabled him to survive physically, but left deep emotional scars. Ari’s mental state and general situation deteriorated steadily, to the point where he was homeless. If not for some kind people who provided him with shelter at night, he would have literally slept out in the street. At one point, Ari’s cousin sent him to the Entitlement Center in Tel Aviv, operated in cooperation with the Jewish Federation of Los Angeles. Aviv’s attorney David Neuhoff was particularly moved by Aryeh’s predicament, and devoted himself wholeheartedly to his case. The outcome was better than anyone could have anticipated: Ari was placed in an assisted living facility in Kiryat Yam, and today, with a monthly allowance of $2,400, he is able to live in dignity and comfort.
Aviv for Holocaust Survivors works to raise public awareness of the rights of Holocaust survivors and to make that information freely accessible. The organization operates 18 Entitlement Centers, in collaboration with local municipalities and the Jewish Federation of Los Angeles, to assist survivors in actualizing their rights. Aviv’s lawyers accompany survivors throughout the process, providing all services completely free of charge.
For more information visit www.avivshoa.co.il
Holocaust Survivors Across the Globe – Compensation & Eligibility
Benefits from the Claims Conference
Article 2 Fund: Intended for survivors who spent time in the camps, ghettoes, in hiding, or who lived under a false identity, and who are not receiving a monthly health allowance (“renta“) from funds originating in Germany. Survivors recognized by the Claims Conference for this fund receive an allowance of €1539 ($1700), once every three months.
Hardship Fund: A one-time grant for €2556 ($2800). This fund is intended for survivors who: 1. do not receive a monthly health allowance from funds originating in Germany; 2. did not receive in the past a one-time grant for being forced to wear the yellow badge, for being forced to discontinue their education or had their liberty revoked; and 3. did not receive payment from the Holocaust Victim Compensation Fund (HVCF); and provided that they experienced at least one of the following persecutions: fled from Nazi occupation, wore the yellow badge, lived under curfew or were subject to limited freedoms. Even someone who was still in utero at the time when their mother suffered any of the persecutions mentioned above, may be eligible for this grant.
Note: Also eligible for this grant are former citizens of Tunisia who suffered various limitations under Vichy rule, and who subsequently suffered persecution under Nazi occupation between October 1940 and May 1943; and former citizens of Morocco and Algeria who suffered various limitations under Vichy rule between July 1940 and November 1942, including anyone who was in utero during the aforementioned period.
Child Survivor Fund: A one-time grant for €2,500 ($2780) for survivors born from Jan. 1, 1928 until the end of the persecutions in their location, and who were persecuted on the basis of being Jews in the camps or ghettoes, or who lived in hiding, or who assumed a false identity — for at least four months in areas under Nazi occupation, or 12 months in countries that were under German influence.
Note: Those who lived in cities only recently recognized as ghettoes are also eligible for this grant.
Kindertransport Fund: a one-time grant for €2,500 ($2780) — given from January 2019 — to survivors who, between Nov. 9, 1938 and Sept. 1, 1939, were under the age of 21 and were sent (or authorized to be sent), from Germany or countries that were occupied by or annexed to Germany (Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia), to England without their parents in order to be rescued from Nazi persecution.
Note: The Claims Conference operates various services for Holocaust survivors in different world countries. For more information on the services available in your area, please contact the Claims Conference at P.O. Box 1215, New York, NY 10113. Tel: (646) 536-9100. Email: info@claimscon.org
Benefits Available from Germany:
German Compensation Fund for Work in Ghetto (BADV): a one-time grant for €2,000 ($2780) from the German government, intended for those who were kept in an open or closed ghetto (from the list of ghettos recognized by Germany), which was either under German rule or in an area annexed by Germany or in an area under German influence, and who performed unforced labor. We recommend that survivors who have received this one-time grant but who did not apply for the monthly social allowance ZRBG for unforced labor performed in the ghetto, submit a claim for this allowance.
For more information or to submit forms please contact:
Main address:
Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen
DGZ-Ring 12
13086 Berlin
Mailing address:
Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen
11055 Berlin
Tel: +49 30 187030-0
Fax: +49 30 187030-1140
Email: poststelle@badv.bund.de
Social allowance for labor performed in ghetto (ZRBG): A social allowance from Germany based on various parameters, including age and time spent in a ghetto. Holocaust survivors may be eligible for this allowance on condition that they were kept in a closed or open ghetto under German rule or German annexation, or in an area under German influence, from the list of ghettos recognized by Germany and who performed unforced labor in the ghetto and received compensation for this labor (even a token compensation, and even if those funds were transferred to the Judenrat). In other words, if there was some degree of choice regarding the “if” and “how” of the labor, this amounts to unforced labor. Examples of this type of labor: kitchen jobs, cleaning jobs, administrative jobs, factory jobs, delivering packages, caring for children or the elderly, etc. (Those who worked under threat of violence or at gunpoint are considered to have engaged in forced labor, and are therefore not eligible for this allowance.)
Since this payment is actually a form of German national insurance, a precondition for eligibility for it is to meet the criteria of the minimum qualification period for this insurance. This period may be based on the criteria set by German national insurance, alternate insurance, or of the national insurance in countries that have a signed treaty with Germany.
We recommend that those who submit applications for this allowance include additional documents, such as confirmation of receipt of any other Holocaust-related compensatory funds, documents attesting to time spent in a ghetto, etc.
For more information or to submit forms please contact:
DRV DUSSELDORF
Address:
DRV RHEINLAND
Königsallee 71
40215 Düsseldorf
Tel:+49 211 937 0
Email: service-zentrum.duesseldorf@drv-rheinland.de
DRV BERLIN
Address:
DRV BUND
Ruhrstraße 2, 10709 Berlin
Tel: +49 30 8650
Fax:+49 30 865 27240
Email: drv@drv-bund.de
Compensation from France
Compensation for orphans from France: A one-time grant from the French government for about €31,000 ($34,500) or a lifetime monthly stipend for about €600 ($670). To be eligible for these funds: one of the survivor’s parents must have been expelled from France as a result of anti-Semitic persecution during Nazi occupation, and that parent must have died in the course of the expulsion or died within France as a consequence of persecution. The survivor must have been 21 or under at the time their parent was expelled. To submit requests for compensation from France, apply to your local French Embassy.
Compensation from Holland
The Dutch railway company provides Holocaust survivors/relatives who were transported by Dutch trains to a concentration camp with a one-time grant of €15,000 ($16,685) per survivor, and between €5,000 ($5,560) and €7,500 ($8300) in the event that the survivor has already passed away, and the payment will be transferred to the widow or orphans.
Note: Applications for this compensation can be submitted only until July 5, 2020.
See website for all information relating to compensation plans, including how to submit online applications: https://commissietegemoetkomingns.nl/en/faq
For telephone inquiries about the application process: 887926250(0)31+
For assistance with online applications, call the following organizations:
JMW +31(0)881652200
Stichting Pelita: +31(0)883305111
For additional information, email:
BOX
New Eligibility for Romanian Survivors
Few are aware that in July 2019, Holocaust survivors from Romania became newly eligible for compensation after Germany recognized 20 Romanian cities as ghettos (see list below). Consequently, thousands of survivors who spent time in ghettos in Romania and who are now living in various countries across the globe became newly eligible for live-changing benefits.
Aviv for Holocaust Survivors founder Attorney Aviva Silverman said that her organization assisted 3,013 Romanian survivors living in Israel, advising them regarding rights and benefits amounting to $17.6 million. “It’s vital that survivors all over the world are alerted to their rights and that they apply to the relevant agencies who can investigate their eligibility for additional compensation. The money involved can often be life-changing for these survivors.”
Romanian Cities Recognized as Ghettos: Jassi, Botosani, Targu Mures, Galati, Focasni, Teccuci, Roman, Piatra Neamt, Barlad, Vaslui, Alba Iulia, Constanta, Targu Neamt, Harlau, Buzau, Ramnicu Sarat, Stefanesti, Craiova, Pascani, Bacau
END BOX
This information was provided by the Aviv for Holocaust Survivors organization, devoted to providing professional, personal assistance by lawyers who specialize in survivors’ rights and who accompany the survivors until they receive the compensation due to them, at no charge to them.
www.avivshoa.co.il
Features
Israel pavilion ambassadors – then and now
By BERNIE BELLAN Given that Folklorama is on again and the Israel pavilion – Shalom Square, is in full swing, I thought it timely to resurrect an article I first posted to this website in August 2023.
But before reading that article, I wanted you to see who this year’s ambassadors are for Shalom Square:

It was back in 2023, however, that I set out to answer a question that I had asked our readers to help answer: Where was the very first Israel pavilion located? Some readers had thought it was the Golden Age Club, which used to be located on Pritchard and Salter. But others weren’t so sure. Here then is what I wrote back in August 2023 – when, with the help of a librarian at the Winnipeg Public Library, I was able to solve the riddle of where the first Israel pavilion was located:
It was earlier in August 2023 that I had raised a number of questions about the history of the Israel pavilion at Folklorama.
Among those questions were: Where was the first Israel pavilion located and when did the Israel pavilion actually become a permanent fixture in the YMHA on Hargrave (before moving to its current home in the Asper Campus)?
As part of my search for answers to those questions I turned to David Cohen, who had long been the coordinator of the Israel pavilion when it was located on Hargrave, but who didn’t step into that role until 1975.
David thought that the Israel pavilion hadn’t moved to Hargrave until 1974, but he wasn’t sure where the first Israel pavilion had been located.
I tried to find information using the Winnipeg Public Library online digital archive. In case you didn’t know, anyone with a library card can access the library’s online archive. You can also have access to newspaperarchive.com through the library’s digital archive. Newspaperarchive.com is an invaluable reference tool for journalists especially – or anyone wanting to access old newspaper archives, for that matter, but ordinarily you would need a subscription to newspaperarchive.com in order to use it. For some reason, however, the search function in the Winnipeg Public Library’s digital search engine didn’t produce results when I entered the word “Folklorama.”
As a result I called the Winnipeg Public Library for assistance and received great help from someone by the name of Louis-Phillipe. After taking my information, Louis-Phillipe phoned me to say that he had found out that the library had compiled a file of press clippings related to Folklorama going back to the very first year, 1970.
Further, Louis-Phillipe said, he had found a list of the 22 pavilions in that first year of Folklorama, along with where they were located. It turns out that the Israel pavilion was actually located in two different venues that first year: the Rosh Pina and the Shaarey Zedek.
The next day I also heard from reader Phyllis Dana, who confirmed that the Israel Pavilion had been in both synagogues. Phyllis also remembered that the only food served that first year was honey cake.
But the pièce de resistance came when I heard from reader Marilyn Breitman (née Stitz), who now lives in Calgary, when she phoned me on Monday, August 21 (which is when she received the August 16 issue of the paper with my story about Folklorama).
Marilyn told me that, not only did she remember that the first Israel pavilion alternated between the Rosh Pina and the Shaarey Zedek, she had actually been the female representative of the Israel pavilion that first year. Her title, Marilyn said, was simply “Jewish.”
But, as you might also recall, the entire confusion over where the first Israel pavilion was located began with an email I had received from Roz Greenfeld, who had written to correct my mistake when I had written in the August 2 issue that the Israel pavilion had been located in the YMHA from the very beginning.
Roz pointed out that, in 1971, the second year of Folklorama, the Israel pavilion was located in “Council House” or, as it was better known, “The Golden Age Club,” on Pritchard and Salter. How did she remember that? Roz was the female representative of the pavilion that year. Her title, as I found out was “Miss Judea,” she said.
So, if the Israel pavilion was located at both the Rosh Pina and Shaarey Zedek in that first year of Folkorama, and in the Golden Age Club that second year, where was it after that?
It was left to Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada archivist Andrew Morrison to come up with the answer to that question. Andrew informed me that the Israel pavilion did indeed move to the YMHA in 1972 and remained there for the next 25 years, until it moved to the Asper Campus in 1997.

There was a further footnote to the story, which is when I decided to try my luck with the Winnipeg Public Library’s online archive one more time. This time, rather than searching for “Folklorama,” I tried searching for old copies of both the Free Press and the Tribune from August 1970. I did manage to get results for the Tribune and when I entered a specific search within the Tribune I found a picture of all the famale representatives of pavilions – in bathing suits.
It turned out – and this was corroborated by both Marilyn Breitman and Roz Greenfeld, the female representatives had to parade in unison – in bathing suits, as part of Folklorama festivities. Each year, as well, a queen of Folklorama was chosen. Neither Marilyn nor Roz was made queen, both of them told me, although Roz was voted “Miss Congeniality.”
In addition to finding out about the early days of the Israel pavilion, I also learned that the Chai dancers were not regular performers at the Israel pavilion in those early years – as they eventually did become. Chai performers would dance only one night in those first years, with other entertainment the other nights.
I did enlist Andrew Morrison’s help once again and did find that Chai performed only one evening during the first few years of Folklorama – from 1970 to 1976. In 1977 Chai began performing every night of Folklorama, but there were other performers on hand as well, including Jerry Maslowsky and Rabbi Yosel Rosenzweig. In 1978 the Chai Folk Ensemble was the featured entertainment every evening; however, a notice that appeared in our paper did say that whistler Harvey Pollock would “be on hand” to entertain – whatever that meant.
While some may wonder of what earth shaking importance all this is, I ask: Isn’t it fun to look back in time – for just a little while, instead of worrying about more immediate problems, such as global warming, inflation, terrorist attacks in Israel, and whether Donald Trump will be president while he’s in jail?
Features
EINSTEIN, RITA AND ME
By DAVID R. TOPPER In the early 1960s, when I was an undergraduate student majoring in Physics at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh – there was only one girl in my advanced physics classes. As I learned later, nothing much had changed since the days of Einstein. When he was studying Physics at the Polytechnic in Zurich, the physics classes were all male – except for Mileva Marić, a Serbian who was the first girl in high school ever to take a physics course in the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire. Because Switzerland was the only place where women were admitted to university classes, she was there with Albert in Zurich.
She was very smart, especially in math, and also proficient at the piano. Born with a dislocated hip, Mileva had a slight limp, and the men in the class ignored her – except for one, Albert. They became a couple and eventually married.
Back to me in my university physics classes – where it seems that little had changed for over sixty years. In my advanced classes there was only one girl. Her name was Rita. She mainly stayed to herself. Majoring in Mathematics, she took all the advanced physics courses available, right through the fourth year. In short, in those predominantly male classes, she was an anomaly – alone and ignored by her classmates.
Except me. No, I didn’t date her, yet I didn’t ignore her. During those undergraduate years, I lived at home and took a bus or a trolley to school five days a week, leaving early in the morning. The university is in downtown Pittsburgh. Walking to the campus, I first went to the Physics Department, using it as my base. From there I went to my other classes during the day. There was a small classroom in the Department that was almost always empty, especially in the morning. It could be used for individual studying or small group discussions and such. In the early morning, I was usually the only one there – except for Rita, who used it for studying, too. She often was there, even before me. Usually the conversation started by me saying something like: “Hi Rita, did you get the last problem in mechanics class homework?” Her response was invariably, “Yes.” We would go over it, with her finding my mistakes. We had an amiable relationship that never went beyond our interactions about physics – right up to the end of our university years. As far as I can remember, I don’t think I knew much about her beyond the classroom.
But one event, which I’ll never forget, stands out. It was during our last year of classes in a course on the theory of relativity. For the textbook the prof used a paperback edition of the original papers on the theory. Early in the course, we went through Einstein’s first paper of 1905 – step by step. On this particular day, the prof came in and said he had a problem with the next step in the paper. As we all sat with our books in front of us, he pointed to a certain equation where we ended in the previous class. In the next sentence, Einstein says that such and such follows. The problem for the prof was that he didn’t know how Einstein got that deduction. I looked at it, and didn’t have a clue either.
Just then, Rita’s hand went up. She said she thinks she knows how Einstein got it. The prof asked her to come up to the blackboard and show him. Rita did, and the prof said that she was right. I’m quite sure that – then and there – Rita got an A in that course, if not an A+.
That gives you some idea about Rita and my relationship with her at the time. Not a very significant part of my 4-year undergraduate years – except for this one event in a physics course.
Why then am I bringing this up now, so many years later? Here’s why.
I graduated with my BS degree in the fall of 1964. I then went to graduate school at Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, majoring in Physics. (It’s now Case-Western Reserve University.)
When I moved there, I lived in a formerly swanky hotel on the edge of the campus, which was purchased by the university as a residence solely for graduate students. They called it The Graduate House. Eleven floors, the top 8 with suites for students, with one floor solely for female students. It was a radical experiment in co-ed living for the time.
My first day there, after getting my room and putting my things in drawers and so forth, it was late in the afternoon – and I was hungry. I had been told when I registered that the dining hall would open the following morning, but for now there was no food. However, on the third floor there were vending machines with sandwiches and such, so I went to find them.
Going down the elevator, exiting at the third floor, and walking down a hall – suddenly I heard my name called. “David, what are you doing here?” Turning around – there was Rita! It was quite a surprise for both of us. This tells you how minimally we interacted before; not even knowing that we both were going to the same graduate school.
I told her that I was majoring in Physics at Case. She, of course, was majoring in Math. After a chat about all this, I said that I was looking for the sandwich machines. She said that there was a diner nearby, and she was going there for dinner with someone else she had just met so I went, too. Thus, Rita and I reunited in Cleveland, now living in the same building.
In a short while, I made friends with a group of people in the Graduate House with diverse majors. Some were in various sciences, others in humanities. It was a lively group, with animated discussions on a range of academic topics, including politics, especially as the Vietnam War became the center of the news in the USA.
Rita was not a part of that group, but I did often see her. Being the eager student that I was, I was up early, getting to the university to study in the library before classes started. Coming to the dining room for breakfast, not long after it opened, I often saw Rita, too – all alone in a far corner. I took my tray and we had breakfast together. Except for that morning ritual, I seldom had any interactions with her.
Thinking about this now, I find the parallel morning rituals (first in Pittsburgh and then in Cleveland) a fascinating serendipitous episode in my life. The difference was that in Cleveland, we were not taking the same courses so we didn’t have to compare solutions to homework. We did talk about our respective courses, and interestingly a parallel appeared. By around mid-term of that first year in graduate school, we both were less than enthusiastic about what we were learning and, accordingly, were both thinking of not carrying on in our respective subjects.
For me it was Quantum Mechanics and the impossibility for us to know reality in itself. Everything was statistical, uncertain and almost esoteric. I found the uncritical attitude toward this world-view to be almost religious in nature. (I only learned later that Einstein felt the same way!)
For Rita, it was the same, despite the different fields. The math now was far beyond basic geometry, algebra and calculus. Topology, Group Theory, Galois’ Theory, and more – all culminating in Gödel’s Theorem, which asserts that all mathematical knowledge is inherently incomplete. It all was too esoteric for her. She knew that she was not going to get a PhD in mathematics.
We commiserated together, with another parallel in our unusual relationship, but with a difference. I still wanted to get my Master’s Degree and somehow still go on to get a job as a professor – that had been my goal in life ever since my first semester at Duquesne. Rita, however, was thinking of dropping out immediately and leaving university life altogether.
For me, this problem was resolved in my second year of Physics at Case, when I took a course taught by Martin Klein. Although he was a physicist in the Department, for many years he no longer was doing research in it. Instead, he was writing papers on the history of the subject – mainly involving Einstein, Boltzmann, Gibbs, Ehrenfest and others. Today those papers are paragons in the field. It was my extremely good luck that the department permitted him to teach such material for the first time.
I loved the course. I was enthralled by the topics – this was the way I wanted to learn physics, through its history. After getting my Master’s in Physics at the end of that year, I moved across campus to the History of Science Department. In another four years I had a PhD in the subject.
Back to early 1965: I tried to talk Rita out of dropping out, but she was adamant. The kicker was this: she really preferred numbers with $$$$ in front of them. Yes, she wanted to be an accountant. She didn’t want to waste any more time here, when she could be home getting her accounting credentials. As I recall, sometime before the spring of that year she went back to Pittsburgh. I’m sure she had an easy time getting her accounting licence and all that went with it. As she was very smart. My guess is that she was an excellent accountant and was very successful in that career.
I have no way of knowing. We didn’t keep in touch (honestly, I don’t know why not) and I can’t even remember her last name. All that I can recall is what I’ve written here. Nonetheless, I find these two interactions between Rita and me an interesting and pleasing tidbit about life and relationships – so much so that I deem it worthy of repeating here.
David R. Topper writes in Winnipeg, Canada. His work has appeared in Mono, Poetic Sun, Discretionary Love, Poetry Pacific, Academy of the Heart & Mind, Altered Reality Mag. and elsewhere.
His poem Seascape with Gulls: My Father’s Last Painting won first prize in the annual poetry contest of CommuterLit Mag – May 12, 2025.
Features
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Based on these factors, our review highlights five of the best online casinos Canada that stand out for different strengths, helping readers find a reliable casino based on their preferences.
- Wild Tokyo: Best for high-roller rewards.
- Lucky7: Best for flexible bonuses.
- Slots Gallery: Best for slot variety.
- Boho Casino: Best for bonus offers.
- BitStarz: Best for crypto gaming.
Key Criteria for Rating Canadian Online Casinos
Before choosing a casino for real money gaming, it is important to review factors that influence safety, reliability, and overall value. The best online casinos Canada provide secure payments, fair gaming practices, and transparent policies, making them stronger choices for anyone searching for a trusted online casino Canada experience.
- Licensing & Regulation
Many offshore casinos operate under licences such as Curaçao, which provide regulatory oversight, although Canadian players should review individual casino terms and policies. This is an important factor when comparing the best Canadian online casinos.
- Banking Efficiency
The best online casinos for real money provide secure payment options, including e-wallets and cryptocurrency methods, allowing Canadian players to manage transactions with confidence.
- Game Fairness
Independent audits from organisations such as eCOGRA and iTech Labs help verify Random Number Generator (RNG) systems, ensuring fair results across casino games and supporting a trustworthy gaming experience.
- Bonuses & Terms
The best online real money casino choices also focus on clear bonus rules, reasonable wagering requirements, and transparent promotions that deliver long-term value.
In-Depth Reviews of the Best Online Casinos Canada
Our expert reviews of the best online casinos Canada examine bonuses, payment options, game variety, security, and reliability to help readers find trusted casinos for real money gaming.
1. Wild Tokyo: Best Online Casino Canada For Game Variety

Wild Tokyo stands out among the best online casinos Canada for users who value a wide selection of casino games and a flexible gaming experience. Our experts reviewed its overall design, game categories, promotional options, and mobile usability to understand how it performs as a modern best online casino Canada choice.
The casino offers a balanced mix of online slots, jackpot games, table games, and live dealer entertainment. This makes it suitable for users searching for the best online casino Canada real money experience that provides more than one type of gameplay. Instead of focusing on a single category, Wild Tokyo allows users to explore different styles from one account.
For users comparing Canadian online casinos, Wild Tokyo provides a simple browsing experience with easy access to games, promotions, and account features. Its mobile-friendly design also allows users to enjoy casino entertainment through smartphones and tablets without requiring additional software downloads.
Welcome Bonus & Promotions
- Welcome Bonus: 250% up to C$4,500 + 750 Free Spins
- Matchday High Roller Bonus: 110% up to C$2,300 + 270 FS + 3 Coins
- Weekly Bonus: 40% up to C$300
- Daily VIP Cashback: 7%
Key Features
- Large selection of online casino games
- Strong focus on slot variety
- Live dealer entertainment options
- Mobile browser compatibility
- Regular promotional campaigns
- Easy navigation between games and account sections
Our Verdict
Wild Tokyo earned recognition in our review of the best online casinos Canada because it combines variety, accessibility, and convenience in one casino experience. Its extensive game selection makes it appealing for users who enjoy switching between slots, table games, and live dealer options.
For anyone searching for the best online real money casino with a broad entertainment selection, Wild Tokyo provides a well-rounded choice with strong gaming variety and flexible features.
2. Lucky7: Best Canadian Online Casino For Promotions & Banking Flexibility

Lucky7 offers a balanced casino experience with a strong focus on promotions, game variety, and flexible payment options. During our review of the best online casinos Canada, our experts analysed how Lucky7 performs across important areas such as bonuses, game accessibility, account usability, and banking features.
The casino appeals to users who want a Canadian online casino with different entertainment options instead of being limited to one category. Its selection includes online slots, table games, live dealer titles, and other popular casino options, making it suitable for users comparing the best online casinos Canada.
One of the main strengths of Lucky7 is its promotional structure. Along with its welcome offer, the casino provides additional rewards such as reload bonuses and cashback opportunities. This makes it a suitable option for users looking for ongoing value rather than only an initial bonus.
Lucky7 also provides a mobile-friendly experience, allowing users to access games, promotions, and account features through smartphones and tablets. The layout is designed for simple navigation, helping users move between different sections without unnecessary steps.
Welcome Bonus & Promotions
- Welcome Bonus: C$3,000 Welcome Bonus + 200 Free Spins
- Saturday Reload Bonus: 100% up to C$2,000 + 100 Free Spins
- Monday Reload Bonus: 100% up to C$2,000 + 100 Free Spins
- Daily Cashback: 20%
- Weekly Cashback: 10%
Key Features
- Wide range of casino games
- Strong promotional options
- Multiple payment solutions
- Cashback rewards for returning users
- Mobile-compatible casino access
- Easy-to-use account management
Our Verdict
Lucky7 performs strongly among the best online casinos Canada because it combines promotional value, game variety, and convenient account features. Its balance of entertainment choices and rewards makes it a suitable option for users who want more than a basic casino experience.
3. Slots Gallery: Best Online Real Money Casino For Slot Variety

Slots Gallery is designed for users who enjoy exploring different types of slot games. In our review of the best online casinos Canada, our experts examined its game selection, promotional offers, mobile performance, and overall usability to understand why it attracts slot-focused users.
The casino places strong attention on reel-based entertainment, offering access to different software providers, classic-style slots, and modern video games with advanced bonus features. This makes Slots Gallery a suitable choice for users searching for the best online real money casino focused on variety and frequent slot promotions.
For users comparing best Canadian online casinos, Slots Gallery stands out because of its extensive slot collection and organised browsing experience. Players can explore different themes, mechanics, and game formats while accessing promotions designed around regular gameplay. Its mobile-friendly design also allows users to browse games, manage accounts, and access promotions through smartphones and tablets.
Welcome Bonus & Promotions
- Welcome Package: Up to $9,750 + 225 Free Spins
- Loyalty Program: Up to 300 Free Spins
- Daily Cashback: Up to 12.5%
- Game of the Month Promotion: Up to 125 Free Spins
- Crypto Bonus: Up to 1 BTC Daily
- Monday Bonus: Up to 100 Free Spins
- Wednesday Bonus: Up to 100 Free Spins
Key Features
- Large slot-focused game collection
- Multiple software providers
- Regular free spin promotions
- Mobile browser access
- Easy game browsing experience
- Different slot styles for various preferences
Our Verdict
Slots Gallery earns its place among the best online casinos Canada because of its strong focus on slot entertainment, accessible design, and wide range of promotional opportunities.
4. Boho Casino: Top Online Casino Canada For Rewards & Promotions

Boho Casino stands out among the best online casinos Canada for users who value regular promotions, cashback opportunities, and a diverse selection of casino games. During our review, our experts evaluated its bonus structure, gaming variety, mobile experience, and overall usability to understand how it compares with other leading casino options.
Unlike casinos that focus only on a single welcome offer, Boho Casino provides multiple promotional opportunities designed for continued engagement. This makes it suitable for users searching for a best online casino Canada experience with ongoing rewards alongside access to slots, table games, and live dealer entertainment.
The casino offers a broad game collection that appeals to different preferences. While slot games remain a major focus, users can also explore table-based options and live casino titles. This variety helps Boho Casino remain a competitive choice among the best Canadian online casinos for users who want flexibility.
Boho Casino also provides mobile-friendly access, allowing users to browse games, manage accounts, and view promotions through smartphones and tablets. The responsive design helps create a convenient experience for users who prefer playing without being restricted to desktop devices.
Welcome Bonus & Promotions
- Welcome Package: Up to $9,750 + 225 Free Spins
- Loyalty Program: Up to 300 Free Spins
- Crypto Bonus: Up to 1 BTC
- Wednesday Bonus: Up to 100 Free Spins
- Monday Bonus: Up to 100 Free Spins
- Daily Cashback: Up to 12.5%
Key Features
- Strong selection of promotional offers
- Cashback rewards for regular users
- Wide range of casino categories
- Mobile-compatible gaming experience
- Multiple payment solutions
- Easy access to bonuses and account features
Our Verdict
Boho Casino performed well in our assessment of the best online casinos Canada because it combines promotional value with a varied gaming experience. Its focus on cashback, loyalty rewards, and regular offers makes it appealing for users who prefer ongoing benefits.
5. BitStarz: Best Real Money Online Casino For Cryptocurrency Payments & Game Selection

BitStarz completes our review of the best online casinos Canada with its extensive game library, flexible payment options, and strong focus on cryptocurrency-friendly gaming. Our experts evaluated BitStarz based on game variety, promotional opportunities, payment flexibility, and overall user experience.
The casino provides access to a wide selection of entertainment options, including online slots, jackpot games, table games, live dealer titles, and original casino games. This makes BitStarz suitable for users searching for the best online real money casino with a broad range of gaming choices.
Among Canadian online casinos, BitStarz is recognised for combining traditional casino entertainment with cryptocurrency payment support. This appeals to users who prefer digital currency options while still wanting access to familiar casino categories.
The casino also provides mobile browser access, allowing users to explore games, tournaments, promotions, and account features from compatible smartphones and tablets.
Welcome Bonus & Promotions
- Welcome Bonus: 300% up to C$2,000 + 180 Free Spins
- Slot Wars: €5,000 Cash Prize Pool + 5,000 Free Spins
- Table Wars: €10,000 Cash Prize Pool
- Originals Tournament: $5,000 Cash Prize
- Monday Reload Bonus: 50% up to C$300
- VIP Cashback Rewards
Key Features
- Cryptocurrency payment support
- Large selection of casino games
- Wide range of gaming categories
- Tournament-based promotions
- Mobile browser compatibility
- Combination of classic and original games
Our Verdict
BitStarz earned recognition in our review of the best online casinos Canada because of its extensive gaming catalogue, payment flexibility, and wide range of entertainment options.
Casino Bonuses and Promotions for Canadians
Bonuses remain an important factor when choosing the best online casinos in Canada. A trusted online casino Canada option should offer clear promotional terms and valuable rewards that enhance the overall gaming experience. The best Canadian online casinos often include a range of offers, such as:
- Welcome Bonuses
Initial rewards for new users after registration and meeting deposit requirements.
- Deposit Match Bonuses
Extra funds added as a percentage of the deposit amount up to a set limit.
- Free Spins
Complimentary spins on selected slot games, giving players additional chances to enjoy popular titles.
- Cashback Offers
A percentage of eligible losses returned during a specific promotional period.
- Reload Bonuses
Additional promotions available for existing users on selected occasions.
- VIP Rewards
Exclusive benefits, bonuses, and loyalty incentives for regular casino users.
Bonus Terms to Know
Before claiming any promotion at the best online casinos Canada, it is important to understand the conditions attached to each offer. Reviewing these details helps users choose an online casino Canada option with fair and transparent bonus rules. Key terms include:
- Wagering Requirement (Rollover)
The number of times bonus funds must be played through before withdrawal (for example, 35x).
- Game Weighting
The contribution different games make toward rollover requirements, with slots often counting at 100% while some table games may contribute less.
- Expiry Window
The time limit available to complete bonus requirements, which may range from a few days to several weeks.
- Max Bet Limit
The maximum stake allowed while using active bonus funds.
- Eligible Games & Deposit Rules
The games that qualify for bonus play and any minimum deposit requirements.
Responsible Gambling
Responsible gambling should always be a priority when using the best online casinos Canada. Real-money gaming should be treated as entertainment, not a source of income. Reliable Canadian online casinos offer tools that help users manage their activity and maintain healthy gambling habits. Key responsible gambling practices include:
- Deposit & Loss Limits: Set spending limits to control your gaming budget.
- Session Timers: Monitor playing time and take regular breaks.
- Self-Exclusion Tools: Temporarily or permanently limit account access when necessary.
- Avoid Chasing Losses: Play within your limits and make informed decisions.
Final Thought
Choosing the best online casinos Canada involves more than searching for the biggest bonuses. Reliable withdrawals, quality game selections, secure payment methods, mobile compatibility, and fair bonus terms all contribute to a better online gaming experience.
Among the reviewed options, Wild Tokyo, Lucky7, Slots Gallery, Boho Casino, and BitStarz stand out as some of the best Canadian online casinos for different preferences. Whether you prefer diverse casino games, rewarding promotions, or flexible payment options, these sites offer different experiences to suit Canadian players in 2026.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What are the best online casinos Canada players can consider?
Canadian users can consider Wild Tokyo, Lucky7, Slots Gallery, Boho Casino, and BitStarzamong the best online casinos Canada for bonuses, game variety, secure payments, and reliable gaming experiences.
2. Are online casino winnings taxable in Canada?
No, online casino winnings are generally tax-free in Canada for recreational players, as the CRA does not consider gambling proceeds as regular earned income unless pursued as a full-time business.
3. What is the fastest withdrawal method for Canadian players?
Cryptocurrency (Bitcoin, Ethereum, USDT) and e-wallets like MuchBetter offer the fastest cashout speeds, often processing within 0 to 24 hours compared to traditional bank wire transfers.
4. Can I deposit directly using Canadian Dollars (CAD)?
Yes, top online gaming destinations support CAD transactions directly through credit cards, bank transfers, and e-wallets, helping Canadian players avoid unnecessary currency conversion fees.
5. Are mobile casinos popular in Canada?
Yes. Mobile gaming continues to grow, and most leading casino sites provide fully optimized access through smartphones and tablets.

