Part One of this article appeared here. 

Worldwide Reaction and Coordinated Jewish Response

Western Jews in Europe and America were incensed at what was happening in Damascus. Europeans and American Jews lobbied their governments to intercede on behalf of the Jews in Damascus. In what was then an entirely novel approach, 15,000 Jews in six American cities gathered and protested on behalf of their fellow Jews in Syria.

In response to the advocacy, government leaders condemned the libel and attempted to intervene on behalf of the accused Jews. Among them were Queen Victoria, Lord Henry Palmerston, US Secretary of State John Forsyth, and, as previously mentioned, Klemens von Metternich of Austria.

Among the Jews who were advocating on behalf of the Damascus Jews, Sir Moses Montefiore stood out.

He, along with French lawyer and future French Justice Minister Adolphe Cremieux, Louis Loewe, and Solomon Munk, traveled as a delegation to Egypt to appeal to Muhammad Ali. They requested that the investigation be transferred to Egyptian or European judges to consider the case. Their request was denied, but as a result, Muhammad Ali decided instead to have the Jews released without acquitting them. The liberation order was issued on August 28, 1840. The prisoners who had survived the investigation were freed.

Seeing that the charges would not be dropped and the libel would continue, Montefiore and Cremieux chose to turn to Sultan Abdul Mejid of the Ottoman Empire, since he was the actual leader over the region, albeit largely powerless. They asked the Sultan to issue a decree proclaiming blood libels as false and prohibiting prosecuting Jews based on such accusations.

The Sultan acquiesced and issued his ruling on November 6, 1840. In a noteworthy act, he condemned the blood libel, stating clearly that it was utterly false and that “Muslim theologians had examined Jewish religious books and found that the Jews are strongly prohibited not only from using human blood but even from consuming that of animals. It therefore follows that the charges made against them, and their religion, are nothing but pure calumny.”

Nevertheless, for years to come, and on antisemitic websites until today, the Catholics of Damascus would continue to tell the story of the friar murdered by Jews for his blood, and that the Jews had only been let free due to the influence of powerful Jews from other countries.

What was France Thinking?

In the aftermath of the Damascus Affair, numerous questions arose. How could France, a country that gave civil equality to the Jews in 1791 and gave its Jewish population the most legal rights, openly support the patently false blood libel accusation and even allow torture to be used to extort confessions?

Most historians conclude that the answer was national self-interest. France’s leaders saw it as beneficial to maintain their foothold in Syria, and felt that supporting the accusers against the Jews would work for them. By the same token, countries hostile to France seized the opportunity to denounce France for its actions, as they sought to increase their control in the Middle East and diminish French influence there. So, Metternich, not known to be a friend of the Jews, denounced the blood libel charges, as did the leaders of Great Britain.

The Damascus Blood Libel, which might otherwise have passed unnoticed in Europe, garnered international attention because of the rivalry of Europe’s great powers in the Middle East.

The Jewish Reaction

The Damascus Affair has been described as a turning point in modern Jewish history, particularly for French Jews, who were among the most vocal supporters that traditional Jewish nationalism was a thing of the past. They were patriotic citizens for whom religion was a private matter, if it was relevant at all.

Yet, when they were exposed to the antisemitism that France displayed in the Damascus Affair, French Jews were completely shaken up. In fact, all of world Jewry was shocked that the blood libel accusation — a throwback to the antisemitism of the Dark Ages — was initially accepted as fact by almost the entire press in Europe. How could it be that educated citizens and modern leaders could believe and support this baseless and ridiculous accusation? No reassuring answer was forthcoming.

In an act that would reverberate for the next two centuries, in 1846, a two-volume book was published in Paris, written by Achille Laurent (a pseudonym), Relation historique des affaires de Syrie depuis 1840 jusqu’en 1842. It claimed to document the complete protocols of the investigation in Damascus, yet completely omitted any mention of the extensive use of torture and only focused on the Jews as murderers, and that the blood libel was a proven fact.

These protocols were published in German, Italian, Arabic, and Russian in the years and decades to come. This book allowed antisemites to “prove” that the murder accusation had been proven and documented, but that the Jews were released despite their guilt.

In fact, Russian coverage of the Damascus Affair in the media is seen as one of the causes that led to the pogroms of the 1890s. Unfortunately, these protocols continue to be published and publicized, particularly in the Arab-language media.

One of the end results of the Damascus Affair was its awakening of Jewish awareness for the need to cooperate to address Jewish needs and respond to charges and attacks towards Jews around the world. In the following decades, for the first time in modern history, multiple such organizations would form to address these concerns.

One Nation

The subsequent blood libel that made international news was that of Menachem Mendel Beilis in Russia in 1911. The lawyer who headed the defense team, the legendary Oscar Gruzenberg, was sure that the prosecution’s attack would take quotes out of context from the Talmud and use them to accuse the Jews. He had Rabbi Mazeh, Chief Rabbi of Moscow, head a rabbinic advisory team for the defense and prepare answers to the inevitable questions. As Gruzenberg had predicted, at the trial the prosecution quoted the Talmudic statement in Tractate Yevamos 61a, “You (the Jewish people) are called “Adam” (Man), and the other nations are not called “Adam” (Man).”

The prosecutors demanded, “How could the Jews claim only they are called man, and the other nations are not called man?! It must mean that they view non-Jews as subhuman!”

The defense had an answer prepared, provided by Rabbi Meir Shapiro, who was already renowned as a brilliant and eloquent leader of Polish Jewry. He explained that the quote reflects an essential characteristic of the Jews and was not intended an insult to the other nations.

Rabbi Shapiro explained that the Talmud (Shavous 39) teaches that “Kol Yisrael areivim zeh lazeh,” meaning all Jews are responsible for one another. He elaborated that in the court, the fate of a single Jew — Mendel Beilis — was being decided, yet the judgment touched Jewish people all over the world.

Rabbi Shapiro directed the defense team to ask the judge, “If an Italian citizen was arrested in Poland or a Frenchman in Germany, would all of Italy or all of France be praying on his behalf and advocating for his acquittal? Would Italians or Frenchmen all over the world be constantly worried about him and awaiting news of his release? Of course not. Yet, when one Jew in Russia is falsely accused of murder, the entire Jewish nation stands with him, because we are truly one. The Talmud says Jews are called “Adam,” because “Adam” shows the unity of the Jewish nation. We are one, a single unit, just as Adam was one man. The word “Adam” in Hebrew has no plural, and that is why it represents the Jewish people, who are one, and this pronoun is not used to identify other nations, as the Talmud stated.”

This answer was understood, even by the accusers. This message continues to serve as a beacon of light for the connection Jews share with one another. In good times and bad, the Jewish People are one.

Rabbi Menachem Levine is the CEO of JDBY-YTT, the largest Jewish school in the Midwest. He served as Rabbi of Congregation Am Echad in San Jose, CA from 2007 – 2020. He is a popular speaker and has written for numerous publications. Rabbi Levine’s personal website is https://thinktorah.org. A version of this article was first published at: https://aish.com/the-damascus-affair/

i24 News — Seven Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers were wounded during exchange of fire with Syrian jihadists as arrests were conducted of wanted suspects; two Syrian terrorists were killed.

The incident took place in the village of Beit Jinn in Southern Syria — 8 km from the Israeli border and Mount Hermon, an area where the IDF operates frequently (north of the Druze village of Hader).

The event began around 2 am during an operation to apprehend two wanted members of the terrorist organization Jamaa al-Islamiya at their home. A reserve paratrooper force from the 55th Brigade entered the structure, apprehended the terrorists, and began exiting the building in order to bring them in for questioning.

As the force left the building, it came under short-range fire, wounding seven soldiers — three seriously and four moderately to lightly. The soldiers returned fire and eliminated two additional fighters in the area. The Air Force was also dispatched, but could not engage due to the close proximity between the force and the militants.

Despite the exchange of fire, the operation was successful. The two wanted suspects from Jamaa al-Islamiya (whom intelligence had been monitoring for a long time prior to the operation) were transferred to security interrogation in Israel.

This is not the first time the IDF has carried out an arrest operation in the village: on June 12, soldiers from the Alexandroni Brigade captured a Hamas terrorist cell of six operatives who had planned to attack IDF forces in Syria and had based themselves in Beit Jinn. Numerous weapons were found with them.

If history has taught anything regarding Jews, it’s that the fight against antisemitism will never be won, only contained. This stalemate roots back to Biblical times.

On the night before meeting his brother Esau, who had sworn to kill him, Jacob wrestled all night to a draw with an unnamed man.

Rabbinic commentators interpret this mysterious figure as an other-worldly sparring partner — a symbolic patron of Esau’s irrational hatred toward Jacob. Before dawn breaks, the unnamed wrestler lands a blow on Jacob’s thigh, but the two remain entangled. Jacob agrees to let go in exchange for a blessing. Oddly, the wrestler asks for Jacob’s name and gives Jacob a new name and identity — “Israel.”

When Jacob in turn asks for his opponent’s name, the wrestler balks and says, “You must not ask my name!” In fact, he has no name and Jacob’s descendants would cross paths with this mysterious force throughout millennia. Restated, “You must not ask my name” means, “you will never figure me out.”

Jacob’s opponent shifts shape constantly, but retains one consistent thread: he always picks an irrational fight. This enemy hates Jacob’s descendants because they are filthy poor Jews and filthy rich Jews, left-wing commies and extreme right-wing capitalists, too globalist and too insular — all at once. The reason shifts as quickly as a new dawn breaks. Only the irrational hatred remains constant.

Massive communal resources get thrown at “fighting antisemitism” — Holocaust museums, memorials, curricula, campus organizations, etc. Are they impactfully “fighting” antisemitism? I’d argue not, even though I wrote a book about my own four Holocaust survivor grandparents. If fighting antisemitism is a fight that can never be won, what’s a 21st century Jew to do nowadays?

First, be proud Jews. Make your Judaism meaningful by finding the beautiful substance behind our ancient customs and beliefs, even if you’re not committed to observance. There’s so much non-judgmental material out there to peruse (look into Aish or Chabad). It sustained your ancestors; it pays to try to understand the appeal in a fair-minded way.

Second, cultivate allies. Jacob’s wrestling match happened while alone at night. What might have happened had he been walking with others? We’ll never know. But there is undeniable power in numbers. Many people have moral clarity and good conscience, and don’t buy into the irrational hatred of Jews.

I first started my book thinking I would enhance my family’s archives. But I soon realized that the trove of stories I had heard, read, and witnessed from my grandparents’ whole lives could resonate well beyond. Their stories did not begin in 1933 or 1939, and end in 1945. Rather, their parents imparted values and wisdom prior to World War II. They dusted themselves off after their early-life catastrophes and led productive lives. As our forefather Jacob did, they walked away bruised, but not beaten. Their message of perseverance through anything is universally appealing.

I published with a boutique publisher run by a non-Jewish agnostic woman with a deeply grounded and passionate moral compass. Liesbeth Heenk’s Amsterdam Publishers has published over 100 Holocaust-related books written by survivors and second-generation and third-generation authors from all religious backgrounds. I’d argue that she is not “fighting” anything. Rather, she proactively encourages vigilance against society breaking down due to irrational hate through true cautionary, inspirational stories.

We can’t “fight” irrationality with logic and truth. No number of museums, books, and podcasts could ever “stomp out” antisemitism. It’s a game of whack-a-mole trying to guess which virulent form the next brand of antisemitism will take. However, the key is to appeal to those willing to listen to truth. Of course, getting away with hate and hateful acts rarely ends with the Jews. And many people understand this.

Case in point — New York City’s Mayor-Elect holds unabashedly antisemitic views. He’s too PC to say that outright. But he believes that those who chant “Globalize the Intifada” have a valid First-Amendment-protected point. Zohran’s message of massive handouts and smearing Israel resonated with over 1,036,000 NYC voters.  Lost in the news cycle is that more than 1,000,000 voters declined to buy the brand of leadership Zohran is selling. Those folks need encouragement.

For Jews, be proud and stand tall. Know we have allies. For all others, please continue to seek unfiltered truth.

Jonathan Schloss is an attorney and author of Four Survivor Grandparents: Run. Rely. Rebuild.