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First-ever empirical study of US rabbinate finds ‘shortage’ is more about fit than numbers
(JTA) — For years, synagogue leaders have said they can’t find enough clergy to fill their pulpits, leading to warnings of a nationwide rabbinic shortage. At the same time, openings for campus rabbis at Hillel chapters draw an average of 19 applicants each.
This mismatch between what rabbis want to do and the kinds of jobs available is among the many findings in the first-ever empirical study of the American rabbinate across denominations, released this week by the Atra Center for Rabbinic Innovation.
The study also examines the so-called “rabbinic pipeline” — the concern that declining enrollment at seminaries means too few people want to become rabbis. Here, too, the findings challenge conventional wisdom.
Surveying 450 people who considered the rabbinate but chose other careers, the study finds that lack of motivation was not a deciding factor. The most common barriers cited were the cost and duration of rabbinical school, the need to relocate, and concerns about the practicality of such a career.
In addition to these “would-be” rabbis, researchers surveyed nearly 1,500 others — including working and retired rabbis, current students, and seminary dropouts. They also interviewed leaders of rabbinical schools and associations, along with representatives of a wide range of rabbinic employers, while collecting recruitment and enrollment data.
Almost as notable as the findings is the diversity of those who took part. Participating organizations include every rabbinic institution from Reconstructionist and Reform to Conservative and Modern Orthodox, as well as all major non-denominational programs. Participation also came from umbrella groups representing Jewish summer camps, community centers, federations, and Hillel chapters. (Haredi Judaism was outside the study’s scope.)
“It’s a groundbreaking effort because there’s never been a comprehensive study of the rabbinate before, but it didn’t take much persuasion to get broad participation,” Atra’s executive director, Rabbi Shira Koch Epstein, said in an interview.
She described an eagerness to get involved that was motivated by years of debate about the issues addressed in the study. In one breakthrough, Atra convened dozens of leaders of institutions and programs that cultivate Jewish leaders and ordain rabbis, spanning the denominational range, for a brainstorming session about tackling the rabbinic pipeline.
“Everyone’s been trying to address the problems and the challenges, and we haven’t actually had any shared good information and data to help us do that,” Epstein said. “People actually want to work together on this, because they recognize that no one can do it alone.”
The study does not offer hard and fast solutions, instead positioning itself as a “mirror and a map” for collective action. Here are some of the highlights.
1. Only about half of all rabbis work in synagogues.
Those who do tend to find their job overly stressful and exhausting. Other kinds of rabbinical jobs offer much higher job satisfaction.
About 56% of rabbis are in pulpit jobs. The rest work for nonprofits, as chaplains, for day schools and universities or as independent entrepreneurs. The researchers spoke to 222 people who have held jobs in both categories. They said that working for a synagogue pays better but that, by every other metric of job satisfaction, working outside the synagogue is significantly better.
The study highlights this difference but also notes with a tone of reassurance and awe that 97% of all rabbis said their jobs are rewarding.
2. After years of decline, rabbinical school enrollment appears to be stabilizing.
The widespread perception that the major denominational seminaries are graduating fewer students while newer and non-denominational schools are growing is validated in the study. The latter are now producing slightly more rabbis than the former. Over the past five years, enrollment declines at Conservative and Reform seminaries have stopped, suggesting that they’ve reached a new normal.
3. Most rabbinical students are women and most are LGBTQ. Many are converts.
Rabbinical students today reflect a far more diverse cohort than in the past. According to the Atra report, 58% identify as women, 30% as men, and 12% as nonbinary.
An estimated 51% identify as LGBTQ, a contrast made starker with survey data collected in the same study showing that only 15% of rabbis ordained 10 to 20 years ago are LGBTQ.
Meanwhile, 16% of rabbinical students are Jews by choice and 12% identify as a race other than white.
Both Atra and the researchers they commissioned to carry out the study caution against drawing sensational conclusions about the growing diversity. “There’s no data-driven evidence as to why it’s happening and what the implications of it are yet to be known,” Wendy Rosov, the study’s lead researcher, said in an interview.
4. Views about Israel or Zionism don’t factor heavily into decisions about whether to become a rabbi.
The past few years have seen some students drop out of rabbinical school in protest of what they say is anti-Zionism in the student body and dozens of students signing on to petitions that are harshly critical of Israel.
Atra didn’t collect data on how current and future rabbis feel about Israel. But it did check how whatever view they held factored into their motivation for the job. Only a small minority said they wanted to become rabbis as a way to promote Israel and an even smaller minority said they were worried of being silenced regarding their criticism of Israel.
The motivating factors people most often checked often were “a desire to serve others,” “I felt called by my love of Judaism,” “An interest in deepening their knowledge of Jewish text and traditions,” and “a desire to teach.”
5. A wave of rabbinic retirements is looming.
The Atra report estimates there are about 4,100 rabbis currently working across congregations, schools, nonprofits, campuses, and chaplaincies. But the profession is getting older only 6% are under 35, while a quarter are over 65.
With most rabbis ordained in their mid-30s and many staying in their roles for decades, the report warns that retirements may soon outnumber new entrants unless younger Jews are drawn into the field.
The report closes on a note of cautious optimism, calling for collective action rather than quick fixes. It outlines nine areas where collaboration could make the biggest difference — from easing the financial burden of rabbinical training to modernizing education, expanding non-congregational careers, and improving mentorship. Epstein is hopeful that the collaborative spirit embodied in the summer gathering could translate into shared solutions.
“This is a surmountable challenge,” she said.
The post First-ever empirical study of US rabbinate finds ‘shortage’ is more about fit than numbers appeared first on The Forward.
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France to Help Palestinians Draft Constitution for Future State, Macron Says
French President Emmanuel Macron welcomes Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas at the Elysee Palace in Paris, France, Nov. 11, 2025. Photo: REUTERS/Benoit Tessier
France will help the Palestinian Authority draft a constitution for a future state, President Emmanuel Macron said on Tuesday after talks with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas in Paris.
A number of major Western nations including France formally recognized a Palestinian state in September, a move driven by frustration with Israel over its war against Hamas in Gaza and a wish to promote a two-state solution to the Middle East conflict.
A US-brokered, Israel-Hamas ceasefire took hold in October. Israel has rejected the prospect of Palestinian statehood at this time, arguing it would “reward” Hamas for its Oct. 7, 2023, attack on Israel that touched off the Gaza war. US President Donald Trump expressed similar sentiments after France, Britain, Canada, and Australia formally recognized a Palestinian state earlier this year.
Macron said France and the Palestinian Authority, which exercises limited self-rule in the West Bank, would set up a joint committee to work on drawing up a new Palestinian constitution.
“This committee will be responsible for working on all legal aspects: constitutional, institutional, and organizational,” he told reporters.
“It will contribute to the work of developing a new constitution, a draft of which President Abbas has presented to me, and will aim to finalize all the conditions for such a State of Palestine,” Macron said.
He added France would contribute 100 million euros ($116.62 million) in humanitarian aid to Gaza for 2025.
Abbas said: “We are committed to a culture of dialogue and peace, and we want a democratic, unarmed state committed to the rule of law, transparency, justice, pluralism and the rotation of power.”
He said he valued efforts by US President Donald Trump and global partners to end the fighting in Gaza and bring about the next stage towards a durable peace with a disarming of terrorist groups including Hamas.
The US and Israel have castigated the Palestinian Authority, which has long been riddled with corruption, for maintaining a so-called “pay-for-slay” program, which rewards terrorists and their families for carrying out attacks against Israelis.
Under this policy, official payments are made to Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli jails, the families of “martyrs” killed in attacks on Israelis, and Palestinians injured in terrorist attacks.
Reports estimate that approximately 8 percent of the PA’s budget is allocated to paying stipends to convicted terrorists and their families.
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A single arrest has thrown the battle for Israel’s soul into sharp relief
In Israel, an unfolding military scandal has become a mirror held up to a society that seems determined to look away from its reflection.
The protagonist is Maj. Gen. Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi, until recently the chief legal officer of the Israel Defense Forces. At the end of October, Tomer-Yerushalmi wrote in a public resignation letter that she had authorized the leak of a video showing a Palestinian detainee being abused by Israeli soldiers in 2024. A few days later, at the start of last week, she was arrested.
The fact that Tomer-Yerushalmi was arrested should have been an opportunity for national soul-searching. But almost no one asked the most fundamental questions: Why did her transgression happen? Why was she the person to bring the abuse to light?
The answers, I think, tell a grim story about the state of Israel’s national conscience.
The official story, repeated endlessly in the Israeli press, is that Tomer-Yerushalmi violated secrecy laws, obstructed justice, and lied about her role when questioned by the authorities and the Supreme Court. All of those claims may be true. She herself has admitted to authorizing the leak and later trying to hide it.
Television studios hosted panels on whether Tomer-Yerushalmi had disgraced the army. The prime minister’s spokesman, before her detention, issued a statement calling for her arrest. But the widespread outrage has focused overwhelmingly not on what the video revealed, but on the fact that it was leaked.
Why?
Restraint and legality are supposed to distinguish Israel from its foes. The video does not demonstrate those qualities. In it, soldiers at a military detention facility called Sde Teiman, in southern Israeli, escort a blindfolded Palestinian detainee into a tent, largely shielding themselves from the camera’s view. At points, the detainee they surround can be seen pinned against a wall and lying on the floor.
Five reservists were eventually indicted for “severe abuse” of a detainee in relation to the video, with military prosecutors alleging that the victim sustained broken ribs, a punctured lung, and internal injuries consistent with a stabbing by a sharp object.
Wars are ugly, and the enemies Israel faces are real. No one doubts that Hamas and other militant groups have committed barbaric acts. But for Israel to sanction or ignore such abuse against captives would be for it to betray its own moral foundation.
Highly vocal yet minority factions of Israeli society demanded that the reservists be freed and minimized the issue. There was a protest by far-right Knesset members at the base where they served; on social media, some dismissed the gravity of the charges, suggesting that with Israel engaged in so dire a war against so rabid an enemy, the finer points of the law are absurd.
That’s not the only reason that the outrage over Tomer-Yerushalmi’s actions seems shockingly disproportionate. Also important is that across many different administrations, the prime minister’s office has been known to leak as a matter of routine — to almost no protest whatsoever.
I can report from experience that the PM’s office routinely leaks information about classified meetings of the Security Cabinet under absurd conditions. Successive governments have used controlled leaks to shape narratives, deflect blame and undermine rivals. Journalists in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv live off an endless stream of “sources familiar with the matter” or “officials close to the prime minister,” many of them senior officials.
The sanctity of secrecy, apparently, only becomes a principle when someone leaks for moral reasons, rather than political ones. Tell me if that calculus seems reasonable to you.
In a healthy society, I think, people would be much more alarmed by the reasons Tomer-Yerushalmi chose to leak the video, rather than the leak itself. She seems to have believed that the army would bury the incident, or that investigators would be pressured to look away.
Was she wrong? The record suggests not. Look to the West Bank, where hundreds of Palestinians have been killed in recent years amid almost daily violence. Soldiers who allegedly bore responsibility for the deaths — the details of which can be absolutely brutal — have rarely faced serious punishment. The military and state have convicted exactly zero soldiers for abuses during the war.
When the army’s own legal chief suspects a cover-up, she’s raising an alarm about the system she served. The fact that Israel is apparently refusing to listen is telling, and terrifying.
What this episode truly exposes is the extent to which Israel’s moral instincts have been replaced by bureaucratic ones: Maintain the facade, contain the damage and punish the breach. A society that talks more about the propriety of a leak than the content of the leak is a society in denial.
This distortion did not emerge overnight. It is the product of the almost 60 years of occupation that have habituated Israelis to controlling another people; the two-year trauma since Oct. 7 that has consumed our empathy; and the political culture, under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, that has trained us to prize survival over principle. The result is a public sphere where accountability feels like betrayal, and secrecy masquerades as patriotism.
No one expects a country under constant threat to be saintly. But the essence of a liberal democracy is its willingness to look unflinchingly at its own sins. Israel’s founders built institutions precisely for that purpose: a free press, an independent judiciary, a military legal corps charged with enforcing law in the fog of war. Israel’s current leadership — and to a degree, its media as well — is betraying that legacy.
The post A single arrest has thrown the battle for Israel’s soul into sharp relief appeared first on The Forward.
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Israeli Minister of Strategic Affairs Ron Dermer Resigns
Former Israeli Ambassador to the US Ron Dermer attends a special session of the Knesset, Israel’s parliament, to approve and swear in a new right-wing government, in Jerusalem, Dec. 29, 2022. Photo: REUTERS/Amir Cohen/Pool
Israel’s Strategic Affairs Minister Ron Dermer, who played a leading role in negotiations during the Gaza war and was a close confidant of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, resigned on Tuesday.
His departure follows weeks of speculation in Israeli media and marks the end of a tenure that began in late 2022, when he was tapped for the post after years as Israel’s ambassador to Washington.
“I am writing to inform you of my decision to end my position as minister for strategic affairs,” Dermer wrote in a two-page letter to Netanyahu released to the media.
There was no immediate response to a request for comment from the prime minister‘s office.
The US-born Dermer wrote that when he became minister of strategic affairs in December 2022, he promised his family he would serve for no more than two years and twice he extended it with their blessing.
He wrote the first time was to work with Netanyahu to remove the existential threat of Iran’s military nuclear capability in June and the second was to negotiate a ceasefire in Gaza in October and the return of Israel’s hostages held in Gaza.
“What I am to expect in the future I don’t know but one thing I know for sure: In all that I will do, I will continue to do my part to secure the future of the Jewish people,” he wrote.
Dermer was one of Netanyahu’s most trusted advisers, negotiating the October ceasefire with both the Trump administration and Arab countries.
Dermer was ambassador to Washington from 2013-2021. His service there overlapped with Republican President Donald Trump’s first term from 2017-2021.