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How Gog and Magog have remained relevant throughout history

די תּנכישע נבֿואה װעגן גוג און מגוג, צװײ מעכטיקע צפֿונדיקע פֿעלקער װאָס װעלן אין דער צוקונפֿט באַפֿאַלן ישׂראל, האָט לאַנג פֿאַרכאַפּט ייִדישע, קריסטלעכע און איסלאַמישע מיסטיקער און טעאָלאָגן.

יחזקאל הנבֿיא האָט פּרטימדיק באַשריבן די קומעדיקע מלחמה אין זײַן ספֿר, אין די קאַפּיטלען לח־לט. גאָט װעט ברענגען די מחנות פֿון גוג און מגוג „פֿון די עקן פֿון צפֿון“ און צעשטערן זײ אין „די בערג פֿון ישׂראל“. צום סוף, זאָגט גאָט דורך זײַן נבֿיא אין יהואשס תּרגום, וועט ער „ געבן מײַן כּבֿוד צװישן די פֿעלקער, און אַלע פֿעלקער װעלן זען מײַן משפּט װאָס איך האָב געטאָן […] און דאָס הױז פֿון ישׂראל װעט װיסן פֿון יענעם טאָג אָן און װײַטער, אַז איך בין י״ה זײער גאָט.“

די פֿילצאָליקע אױסטײַטשונגען פֿונעם דאָזיקן תּנ״כישן מאָטיװ װערן פּרטימדיק אױסגעפֿאָרשט אינעם װאָגיקן צװײ־בענדיקן זאַמלבוך פֿון העכער װי אײן טױזנט זײַטן: „גוג און מגוג: בײַטראָגן צו דער װעלט־געשיכטע  פֿון אַן אַפּאָקאַליפּטישן מאָטיװ“, רעדאַקטירט דורכן פֿאָרשער פֿון איסלאַמישער קולטור זשאָרזש  טאַמער (אוניװערסיטעט פֿון ערלאַנגען־נירנבערג, דײַטשלאַנד) און אַנדערע.

די פֿאָרשער פֿונעם אוראַלטן מיטל־מזרח האָבן לאַנג געפּרוּװט טרעפֿן, װעלכע היסטאָרישע פֿעלקער האָט יחזקאל געהאַט אין זינען אין זײַן נבֿואה. לרובֿ האַלט מען, אַז דאָס זײַנען געװען די נאָמאַדישע שבֿטים אין צפֿונדיקע סטעפּן אין הײַנטיקן קאַזאַכסטאַן, װאָס פֿלעגן פֿון מאָל צו מאָל באַפֿאַלן די שטעט פֿון די אוראַלטע אימפּעריעס בבֿל און פּרס (פּערסיע).

אָבער װיכטיקער ווי די רעאַלע היסטאָרישע פֿאַקטן זײַנען כּלערלײ סימבאָלישע אױסטײַטשונגען פֿון גוג און מגוג. „אין דער מערבֿדיקער טראַדיציע זײַנען גוג און מגוג געװײנטלעך פֿאַרבונדן מיטן כאַאָס,“ שרײַבן די רעדאַקטאָרן. די קריסטלעכע  טעאָלאָגן אין מיטלאַלטער האָבן כּסדר אױסגעטײַטשט גוג און מגוג אַלעגאָריש און ניט געזוכט קײן פֿאַרבינדונג מיט רעאַלע פֿעלקער. מען האָט בײַ זײ געזען דעם שׂטן אין דער געשטאַלט אַנטי־קריסטוס, װאָס װעט זיך באַװײַזן אין די לעצטע טעג כּדי אָפּצושטעלן דעם צװײטן קומען פֿון ישו הנוצרי אין דער געשטאַלט פֿון משיח.

ייִדן שפּילן אַ װיכטיקע ראָלע אין אָט דער קריסטלעכער סכעמע פֿון אַחרית־הימים, שרײַבט דער פֿאָרשערמאַטיאַס קאַופּ (הומבאָלדט־אוניװערסיטעט, בערלין): לכתּחילה װעלן ייִדן פֿאָלגן דעם אַנטי־קריסטוסן, אָבער דערנאָך װעלן זײ אַלע אָננעמען די קריסטלעכע אמונה און פֿאַרנעמען פֿירנדיקע פּאָזיציעס אין דער קריסטלעכער קירך. זײ װעלן פֿירן די מלחמה קעגן די מחנות פֿון גוג און מגוג און אַ היפּשע צאָל פֿון זײ װעלן אומקומען „על קידוש הקריסטוס“.

די ייִדישע מקורים — די מישנה, די גמרא און פֿאַרשײדענע מדרשים — האַלטן גוג און מגוג פֿאַר אַן אַלעגאָרישער פֿיגור פֿון שׂונאי־ישׂראל, װאָס קומען אַרױס קעגן ייִדן אין יעדן דור. אָבער סוף־כּל־סוף  װעלן זײ פֿאַרטיליקט װערן דורך משיח בן דוד אין דער מלחמה װאָס װעט ברענגען די גאולה.

און דאָ פֿרעגט מען אַ װיכטיקע פֿראַגע: צי דאַרפֿן ייִדן זיך אַקטיװ באַטײליקן אין דער מלחמה קעגן גוג און מגוג, אָדער זאָלן זיי אפֿשר װאַרטן געדולדיק אױף דער גאולה, װאָס דער משיח װעט זײ ברענגען? דער תּרגום שיר השירים װאָרנט, אַז ייִדן זאָלן זיך ניט אַנטקעגנשטעלן מיליטעריש קעגן גוג און מגוג, דהײנו, קעגן די אומות־העולם. אַנשטאָט דעם דאַרפֿן ייִדן לערנען תּורה. די היסטאָריקערין העלען ספּערלינג  (אוניװערסיטעט פֿון סאַוטהעמפּטאָן, ענגלאַנד) האַלט, אַז אַזאַ פּאָזיציע שפּיגלט אָפּ דעם פּאָליטישן מצבֿ פֿון ייִדן אין דער צײַט פֿונעם אױפֿקום פֿון איסלאַם אינעם זיבעטן יאָרהונדערט, װען דער דאָזיקער תּרגום איז פֿאַרפֿאַסט געװאָרן.

דער היסטאָריקער  גדי שׂגיב (דער אָפֿענער אוניװערסיטעט, ישׂראל) באַטראַכט דעם מאָטיװ פֿון גוג און מגוג אין חסידות. אײניקע רבייִם האָבן דערזען סימנים פֿון פֿון גוג און מגוג אין דעם אױפֿקום פֿון נאַפּאָלעאָן און זײַן מלחמה קעגן רוסלאַנד. אָבער זײ זײַנען ניט געװען אײַנשטימיק אין זײער אױסטײַטשונגען. איז נאַפּאָלעאָן געװען גוט פֿאַר די ייִדן אָדער ניט? אײניקע פּױלישע רבייִם האָבן געשטיצט נאַפּאָלעאָן װי אַ פֿירגײער פֿונעם משיחן, בעת ר׳ שניאור זלמן פֿון ליאַדי, דער גרינדער פֿונעם חב״ד, האָט זיך געהאַלטן בײַ דער רוסישער זײַט, טענהנדיק, אַז נאַפּאָלעאָן איז געװען אַ פֿרײַדענקער, װאָס װעט אַראָפּפֿירן ייִדן פֿונעם דרך־היושר.

אינעם צװאַנציקסטן יאָרהונדערט האָבן אײניקע רבנים אױסגעטײַטשט די בײדע װעלט־מלחמות אינעם גײַסט פֿון דער נבֿואה װעגן גוג און מגוג. זײ האָבן געהאַלטן, אַז די גרױסע חורבנות װעלן גורם זײַן די גאולה פֿאַר ייִדן. אָבער ר׳ יעקבֿ פֿרידמאַן פֿון הוסיאַטין האָט געװאָרנט אין די ערשטע חדשים פֿון דער צװײטער װעלט־מלחמה, אַז עס איז אין גאָטס רשות צו באַשליסן, צי די דאָזיקע מלחמה װעט טאַקע זײַן די מלחמה פֿון גוג און מגוג, װאָס װעט ברענגען די גאולה. און כּדי דאָס מקיים צו זײַן, דאַרפֿן אַלע ייִדן תּשובֿה טאָן.

אינעם קאָראַן טראָגן גוג און מגוג די נעמען יאַדשודש און מאַדזשודזש. זײ װױנען הינטער אַ װאַנט און „פֿאַרשפּרײטן פֿאַרדאָרבונג אױף דער ערד“. אײניקע איסלאַמישע חכמים האָבן אױסגעטײַטשט די דאָזיקע װאַנט װי די קאַװקאַזישע בערג, װאָס גרענעצן אָפּ די איסלאַמישן װעלט פֿון צפֿון. אָבער להיפּוך צו קריסטן און ייִדן, האָבן די מוסולמענער ניט פֿאַרבונדן אָט די פֿעלקער מיטן משיח און אַחרית־הימים, שרײַבט  דער איסלאַם־פֿאָרשער דײװיד קוק פֿונעם רײַס־אוניװערסיטעט אין טעקסאַס.

 זינט די אוראַלטע צײַטן פֿון יחזקאל הנבֿיא און עד־היום זוכט מען סימנים פֿון דער מלחמה פֿון גוג און מגוג אין כּלערליי היסטאָרישע און פּאָליטישע געשעענישן. אין פֿאַרשײדענע תּקופֿות האָבן גוג און מגוג באַקומען ביז גאָר אַנדערע פּנימער: די רױמישע, די טערקישע און די מאָנגאָלישע אימפּעריעס, רוסלאַנד, איראַן וכדומה. כּסדר זוכט מען דעם שליסל צו דעם גרעסטן רעטעניש: װען זשע װעט קומען די גאולה?

די דאָזיקע נבֿואה האַלט אין אײן אױפֿרײצן ייִדישע, קריסטלעכע און איסלאַמישע מיסטיקער. װען מען קלאַפּט אַרײַן „גוג און מגוג“ אין „גוגל“, קריגט מען פֿאַרשײדענע מינים אױסטײַטשונגען, װאָס פֿאַרזיכערן, אַז די מלחמה פֿון גוג און מגוג קומט פֿאָר דװקא איצט, װען אַמעריקע און ישׂראל באָמבאַרדירן איראַן. זײ האַלטן דאָס פֿאַר אַ קלאָרן סימן, אַז משיח האַלט שױן אויפֿן װעג.

The post How Gog and Magog have remained relevant throughout history appeared first on The Forward.

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The Netherlands will return to Eurovision after boycott over Israel 

(JTA) — The Netherlands will return to the Eurovision Song Contest, overriding a broadcaster that withdrew over Israel’s actions in Gaza.

The Dutch organization that oversees public broadcasting, the Nederlandse Publieke Omroep, said on Wednesday that it will take over the country’s entry to Eurovision after Avrotros, the broadcaster that usually takes part in Eurovision for the Netherlands, pulled out of the 2027 event in Burgas, Bulgaria.

Avrotros said last month that it withdrew because the event “can no longer be considered neutral,” citing Israel’s inclusion amid “the severe humanitarian suffering in Gaza and the ongoing restrictions on press freedom.”

Avrotros dropped out of the most recent contest in May 2026, and the Netherlands did not participate after the NPO ruled out identifying another broadcaster. Spain, Ireland, Iceland and Slovenia also boycotted this year’s Eurovision. Israel’s participation in the world’s largest music contest has become a source of intense controversy, sparking mass protests. The contest drew 35 million fewer viewers this year.

For the next Eurovision, NPO is assigning the broadcaster NOS to provide coverage of the event and an “independent team of experts” to select the Dutch act.

“We understand that participation in the Eurovision Song Contest evokes mixed feelings in the Netherlands,” said Jet de Ranitz, the chairman of the NPO’s executive board. “We have explicitly asked the [European Broadcasting Union] to once again make the unifying character of the festival an important part of the event, in recognition of a time of geopolitical unrest, war, and polarization.”

The NPO added that the EBU, which owns the contest, has “taken significant steps regarding the rules of the Eurovision Song Contest.” The EBU introduced changes in August that included barring countries involved in armed conflict from hosting the competition. It also made adjustments to the voting process after accusations of politically motivated voting.

Avrotros said the new rules were not sufficient to ensure that Eurovision remains “independent and neutral.”

Martin Green, the director of Eurovision, said in a statement that the contest was “delighted to welcome the Netherlands back” in 2027.

Ireland is set to boycott Eurovision again in 2027 after RTÉ, the national broadcaster, said last week that its position “remains unchanged.”

RTÉ cited “the appalling and ongoing loss of lives in Gaza and the humanitarian crisis there which continues to put the lives of so many civilians at risk,” adding that it was “deeply concerned by the continued denial of independent access to international journalists to the territory.”

Spain could also stay out of Eurovision next year. José Pablo López, the president of Spanish broadcaster RTVE, announced at a Senate hearing on Tuesday that he supported a continued boycott, saying it was “painful that Israel continues to participate.”

Meanwhile, Belgium confirmed its participation despite calls for a boycott by its public media unions.

“Participation is in no way an endorsement or normalization of what is happening in Gaza and the rest of the world,” said Frederik Delaplace, the CEO of the Flemish broadcaster VRT. “We do note, however, that the EBU is no longer shying away from these difficult societal and geopolitical issues.”

The post The Netherlands will return to Eurovision after boycott over Israel  appeared first on The Forward.

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Police label shooting in Belleville, Ontario, a hate-motivated attack against the Jewish community

(JTA) — TORONTO – The shooter who opened fire on a Belleville, Ontario, synagogue Sunday evening committed an anti-Jewish hate-motivated offense, according to the city’s police chief.

“This was a deliberate attack directed at members of the Jewish community during one of the holiest observances of the year,” Belleville police chief Murray Rodd said at a press conference on Thursday, adding that the shooter had combustible materials, including gasoline, in his truck.

He said the threat posed to Jewish communities required increased alertness on the part of Canadian law enforcement. Police stationed outside the Sons of Jacob synagogue had engaged in a shootout with the assailant, Sean Ward, that prevented him from entering the building as members of the congregation were about to begin Yom Kippur services.

Rodd noted that the force had a long-time relationship with the Jewish community that involved “our proactive pre-positioning of on-duty staff” to ensure the safety of Jewish worshippers. “One of the messages to my colleagues around the province and the country is: It is clearly time that we all be proactive.”

Rodd said the efforts of Constables Jeff Smith and Michael McCurdy prevented the attacker from using the explosive materials he had with him, as well as a “significant” amount of ammunition.

Smith, who was stationed outside of Sons of Jacob to provide security, remains in critical condition but is making progress, according to Rodd. Ward later died of his wounds from the exchange with police.

“[The shooter] had the means, the mechanism, and the motive to perpetrate a greater act. The only thing that stopped entry into the synagogue to execute the intent were the two officers,” said Rodd. “He was equipped with other weapons and the means to carry on a gun battle for a long period of time.”

The CBC reported that police obtained a video of the attack in Belleville, a town over 100 miles east of Toronto on the north shore of Lake Ontario. On the video, Ward is heard shouting. Police report he is saying, “You are going to die for the Jews.”

Rodd confirmed that before Ward targeted the Sons of Jacob, he scoped out the synagogue grounds. “We know that there was a reconnaissance in the presence of our officer, but nothing that would have alarmed him or would have triggered him to be on the defensive,” Rodd said.

Ward was a former member of the Canadian Armed Forces. Rodd noted.

“He was shot multiple times in multiple places,” Rodd said. “He has everything extending from fractures to wounds, and is still bearing shrapnel.”

The post Police label shooting in Belleville, Ontario, a hate-motivated attack against the Jewish community appeared first on The Forward.

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US Senate Democrats seek sanctions on those facilitating controversial West Bank settlement project

(JTA) — A slate of U.S. Senate Democrats, led by staunch Israel supporter Chris Coons, is seeking to sanction individuals and businesses linked to a controversial settlement expansion in the West Bank.

The massive E1 project, which would add 3,401 housing units east of Jerusalem, would effectively bisect the West Bank, inhibiting the prospects for a contiguous Palestinian state in the West Bank. It would also further separate the West Bank from East Jerusalem, which Palestinians seek as the capital of a future state. Israel recently issued new construction tenders for the project, following the government’s approval of the plans last summer.

Coons, of Delaware, introduced legislation this week that would target “any foreign person” deemed “responsible for or complicit in” the construction or financing of, or investment in, the planned E1 settlement, as well as the leaders of any entity that has engaged in such activities.

“As Palestinian civilians face a campaign of devastation and fear from violent extremist settlers, the United States must send a strong message that this behavior is unacceptable,” Coons said in a statement.

Israel, he added, must demonstrate “that it remains committed to freedom, security, prosperity, and self-determination for all Israelis and Palestinians.”

Global leaders have slammed the prospective development, as have many U.S. lawmakers. Yet even amid the increased criticism of the Israeli government, the bill is unlikely to advance in a Congress with Republican majorities in both chambers.

Coons thus far has garnered support from 18 of the Senate’s 44 other Democrats, including three co-authors: Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, Ron Wyden of Oregon and Ruben Gallego of Arizona. Wyden is Jewish and a longtime Israel supporter.

“For decades, American presidents from both parties have warned successive Israeli governments that construction in E1 threatened the viability of a Palestinian state and was unacceptable to the United States,” Coons said.

As unlikely as it is that the bill will pass, its introduction is symbolic of the chasm that has grown in recent years between Israel and the Democratic Party. The legislation is led by Coons, who has a solid pro-Israel record. Previous sanctions backed by Democrats, including by former President Joe Biden, have generally targeted settler violence and offensive weapons, while this bill centers on what Israel’s government would regard as a conventional building project.

Warren, Wyden and Gallego all voted in favor of a failed resolution authored by independent Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, which sought to stop the sale of military bulldozers to Israel. Coons, who voted against the measure, was one of just seven Democrats to do so.

While Warren’s position on Israel has fluctuated in recent years, she has consistently maintained that Israel has a right to defend itself and has voted against measures to boycott, divest from and sanction Israel. But she has been a sharp critic of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and suggested conditioning military aid to Israel on compliance with U.S. and international humanitarian law.

Regarding the E1 settlement sanctions bill, Warren said the U.S. “must use all diplomatic and economic tools available to counter rapid settlement expansion and extremist settler violence.” These “spiraling trends” risk undermining “the prospect of lasting peace for Israelis and Palestinians,” she added.

The bill would sanction “foreign persons that have facilitated Israeli settlement construction in the E1 area,” including those who have submitted tender bids, offered guarantees to such bids, signed development or lease agreements, provided construction-related services or financed related infrastructure.

The sanctions would “block and prohibit all transactions in property and interests in property” of such a person in the U.S., with exceptions made for those providing humanitarian assistance or conducting intelligence activities in the area.

“The E1 settlement project is a move towards de facto annexation of the West Bank,” Warren stated. “Those who choose to facilitate settlement construction should understand that they risk losing access to the U.S. financial system.”

Wyden, who has a similar record of backing Israel while criticizing Netanyahu, slammed the prime minister’s “disgraceful policy of expanding West Bank settlements,” noting that such activity “crosses a clear red line and makes Palestinian statehood and lasting peace even more difficult.”

He, too, urged the U.S. to “stand up against Netanyahu’s campaign of violence and aggression against Palestinian civilians” by sanctioning those who “are complicit in this unlawful action.”

The fourth co-author, Gallego, in recent months has shifted his stance from pro-Israel centrist to a fierce and outspoken opponent of the country’s current military operations.

“Proposed Israeli construction of new settlement homes in the E1 area would cut off East Jerusalem from the West Bank and threaten a viable Palestinian state,” he said.

Describing the project as “a step in the wrong direction,” he noted that “for decades, Democrats and Republicans alike have pushed for a two-state solution.”

Coons, Warren, Wyden and Gallego are not alone in hammering the advancement of the E1 project. Their bill followed collective action taken by the United Kingdom, France and Canada earlier this month, when the countries decided to ban goods from West Bank settlements and Jewish areas of East Jerusalem.

At the same time, the U.K. and 11 other nations released a joint statement announcing “their intention to introduce national and/or support European restrictions on trade in goods with settlements which are illegal under international law.”

At the U.N. General Assembly on Tuesday, British Prime Minister Andy Burnham warned that the E1 settlement’s construction would “threaten to put a viable Palestinian state beyond reach.”

“We want to see the suffering and death finally come to an end,” Burnham added. “We want to see Israeli and Palestinian people living side by side in peace and security.”

Back in Washington, joining the four co-authors of the bill were 15 other senators who signed on as cosponsors, most of whom are likewise long-time allies of Israel but sharp critics of the Netanyahu government.

The co-sponsors include Michael Bennet of Colorado, Tammy Duckworth of Illinois, Martin Heinrich of New Mexico, Tim Kaine of Virginia, Mark Kelly of Arizona, Andy Kim of New Jersey, Jeff Merkley of Oregon, Chris Murphy of Connecticut, Patty Murray of Washington, Jack Reed of Rhode Island, Brian Schatz of Hawaii, Adam Schiff of California, Elissa Slotkin of Michigan, Chris Van Hollen of Maryland and Peter Welch of Vermont.

The liberal pro-Israel group J Street welcomed the legislation, with its president, Jeremy Ben-Ami, declaring “the end of the era in which right-wing Israeli governments could ignore U.S. demands to halt settlement expansion.”

The post US Senate Democrats seek sanctions on those facilitating controversial West Bank settlement project appeared first on The Forward.

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