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“The S.S. Officer’s Armchair” opens up an almost totally unknown aspect of Nazi history

“The S.S. Officer’s Armchair – Uncovering the Hidden Life of a Nazi”
By Daniel Lee   Published 2020   Available on Amazon

The armchair/SS Officer Robert Griesinger

Reviewed by BERNIE BELLAN
In 2011 a British historian by the name of Daniel Lee had just completed his PhD in history “that examined the experiences of Jews in Vichy France.”

Lee is Jewish – and, as he explains during the course of his fascinating new book, “The S.S. Officer’s Armchair”, his family, originally from Poland, lost several relatives during the Holocaust.
But, simply by accident, in 2011 he was introduced to a young woman at a dinner party he was hosting in Florence, which was where he was living at the time. That chance encounter led to Lee’s going down a rabbit hole that took him all over Europe – and to the Unites\d States as well, in search of answers to a mystery that was unveiled to him at that party.
What happened is the young woman, who had heard that Lee was a historian of the Second World War, asked him whether he might be interested in examining some documents that her mother, who was living in Amsterdam, had discovered had been hidden in the cushion of an armchair that she had owned for years – ever since she herself was a young student in Prague.
The documents evidently belonged to someone by the name of Robert Griesinger who, as evidenced by all the swastikas imprinted on the documents, must have been some sort of a functionary in the Nazi regime.
Naturally, Lee was fascinated by the story he heard. He proceeded to Amsterdam to interview the woman’s mother and to examine the documents for himself. That initial journey led to Lee’s dogged pursuit of one clue after another as to the background of Robert Griesinger – and the eventual discovery that Griesinger was a member of the SS (also the Gestapo), who was very likely involved in atrocities during the war.
But, what set Griesinger apart from other Nazis whose crimes have been the subjects of lengthy investigations, however, was that he was not at all a notable member of any of the organizations to which he belonged. He was actually a lawyer by training, but as Lee shows, he wasn’t a particularly good one; in fact, his entire life can
be said to be noteworthy not because of anything exceptional he did, rather because his achievements can be described fairly as having been so mediocre.

What compelled Lee to spend years tracing the life of such an unimportant figure? As he explains early on, “The famous fanatics and murderers could not have existed without the countless enablers who kept the government running, filed the paperwork, and lived side-by-side with potential victims of the regime in whom they instilled fear and the threat of violence.”
At the same time Lee’s comprehensive investigation of Griesinger’s life adds to the body of knowledge that other historians, especially Daniel Goldhagen, in his “Hitler’s Willing Executioners”, have developed in showing not just how thoroughly aware most Germans were of the atrocities that were being committed by the Nazis, they were, if not actively supporting the Nazis, complicit in not objecting to what was so clearly happening.
It was the active and willing participation of hundreds of thousands of low-level functionaries working for the Nazi state that allowed the machinery of the regime to function. As Lee also notes, “The narrative I trace will show how low-ranking officials might have existed in between two disconnected worlds; the first filled with the regime’s well-known high functionaries, and the second that comprised the ordinary German population.”
How Lee goes about his tireless pursuit of leads that begin to fill out the mystery of those documents in the armchair forms the basis of a first-rate mystery novel, let alone a non-fiction work that relies on detailed footnoting – as one would expect from a professional historian.
Many of the individuals to whom Lee turns for information are either initially reluctant to speak with him or simply turn him down outright, but in time he is able to interview sufficient members of Griesinger’s surviving family members to arrive at a thorough knowledge of Griesinger’s life, from birth almost to death. It would be impossible to know the exact circumstances of Griesinger’s death in 1945 in Prague, as Lee explains, since following the defeat of the Nazis at the hands of the Russians, aided by Czech rebels, the tables were quickly turned on whatever Germans were living in Prague at that time and they were subjected to much the same atrocities that Nazis had perpetrated on so many Czechs for years.
But, in true mystery style, Lee does uncover some quite fascinating information about Lee’s probable death from dysentery – again, from a most unlikely source.

In researching his book Lee decided to go back as far as he could in sourcing Griesinger’s familial roots. To his surprise, he learns that Griesinger’s father was actually born in New Orleans, which is to where Griesinger’s grandfather had emigrated in the 19th century.
The American connection proves highly important to understanding not only Griesinger’s racist attitudes, also the attitudes of many other Germans, it turns out. As Lee uncovers information about German immigration to the deep south of the U.S., he learns that many Germans were involved in the slave trade – and when many Germans returned to Germany (as was the case in the 1870s when the U.S. was in the grip of a severe economic depression), they brought back those racist ideas with them.
Griesinger came from an upper class background, moreover, in which anti-Semitic attitudes, in addition to racist attitudes toward Blacks, were also typically deeply engrained. Much has already been written about how could such a sophisticated culture as was Germany’s have produced such abhorrently racist ideas, but in “The SS Officer’s Armchair,” Lee is able to probe the thinking of specific individuals in Griesinger’s family to show how relatively easy it was for Hitler’s racism to be commonly accepted within the German upper and middle upper classes.
One character in particular, Robert Griesinger’s mother, “Wally”, proves to be an invaluable source for Lee, as he comes across a detailed diary that Wally had kept from the time she was a young girl throughout her life and during the Second World War. The resentment that Wally exhibits towards those who “betrayed” Germany during the First World War, which was one of Hitler’s paramount themes in engendering support for his racist platform, helps put a clear understanding how Hitler was able to go from being a marginal figure eventually to the unquestioned ruler of the German Reich.
Griesinger’s family lived in Stuttgart, which is located in south-west Germany. Robert Griesinger’s home is now owned by Jochen Griesinger, a nephew of Robert’s who, it turns out, is not on speaking terms with either of Griesinger’s daughters, Barbara and Jutta. Jochen, however, was quite willing to talk to David Lee – and to show him around the house.
In the course of his investigation Lee discovers that two of Robert Griesinger’s next-door neighbours in Stuttgart, Helene and Fritz Rothschild, were Jewish. The Rothschilds were able to escape to Paris and survived the war. Almost all the other Jews in Stuggart were not so lucky.
Robert Griesinger was an unexceptional student. Given the German well-known propensity for record-keeping, Lee is able to find reports on Griesinger’s educational career from his earliest days at school throughout his period at Tubingen University. Remarkably Griesinger was able to obtain a doctorate in law but, disappointingly for him, the most he was able to do with that degree was teach agricultural law at a rural agricultural college.
There is no particular indication from anything that Lee is able to uncover that Griesinger was an early follower of National Socialism. But, as was the case with so many other of his peers, Griesinger saw the opportunity to career advancement by joining the party.
Eventually Griesinger became a member of both the Gestapo (secret police) and the SS (strike force). Although Lee is not able to produce any documentation to show that Griesinger was involved first hand in either the torture or murder of anyone, he is able to deduce from various records that, even if he wasn’t directly involved in any specific activities of that sort, he was at the scene where those activities took place.
In particular, while working for the Gestapo (as a lawyer), Griesinger’s place of work in Stuttgart was the Hotel Silber, which was used by the Gestapo to detain and torture individuals. Lee surmises that Griesinger, whose office was situated directly over the basement of the hotel, would have had to have heard the screams of the torture victims.
Later, during the actual war, Griesinger served for a time on the Eastern Front, in Ukraine, where he was eventually wounded and sent back to Stuttgart for rehabilitation. But, during Griesinger’s period of service in Ukraine, his Wehrmacht unit was stationed outside Kiev, and he was in service at the time 30,000 Jews were murdered at Babi Yar over a two-day period, which was the worst massacre of Jews to that date (later to be surpassed by other massacres in Odessa and Poland).

Griesinger had long wanted to be posted to Prague during the war, as Prague was seen as a haven of tranquility for Germans living there. In 1943 he got his wish and he was able to move his wife Gisela, his two daughters, and a stepson from a previous marriage of his wife, to Prague, where they were mostly spared the deprivations that ordinary Germans were suffering throughout Germany as the result of heavy Allied bombing.
While in Prague, Lee is able to piece together Griesinger’s duties, which involved the arrest and deportation of thousands of individuals, both Jews and non-Jews. His principal duty was to arrange for the shipment of Czechs to be used as slave labourers in German factories and mines. Griesinger was also responsible for the confiscation of Czech factories from their rightful owners – always done with the imprimatur of official Nazi regulations.
As Lee works his way through an ongoing series of visits to repositories of archives and interviews with anyone who might have some knowledge of Griesinger’s life, he is able to put together an amazingly detailed description of what life would have been like for Griesinger.
Considering that he was still conducting interviews as recently as 2018 the fact that he has produced such a compelling read is testament to his skill as not just a historian, but a very talented writer who was able to work quickly, as well.
Toward the end of his book Lee revisits his motivation in wanting to go to such extraordinary lengths to describe the life of a “faceless bureaucrat”: “This book shows that it is possible to trace the life of one of those ordinary Nazis whose role in war and genocide seems to have vanished from the historical record. Returning texture and agency to one such perpetrator affords Griesinger the opportunity to stand in for the thousands of anonymous ordinary Nazis whose widespread culpability wreaked havoc on so many lives and whose biographies have, until now, never seen the light of day.”
In looking at some of the reviews posted by readers on Amazon, there is a consistent theme of gratitude expressed to Lee for opening up a door to a part of history that has hitherto remained largely unknown – not because historians were disinterested in the subject; rather, they were stymied by the lack of evidence to paint the sort of detailed picture of just an “ordinary” Nazi bureaucrat that Lee has so brilliantly succeeded in doing. If it weren’t for that chance meeting at a Florence dinner party, however, this book would never have been written.

 

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The secret to maintaining a healthy and balanced diet for your family

The key to maintaining a healthy lifestyle is starting young. As people with heart-related conditions increase, parents must instill healthy eating habits that can be a bonus for their children.
This article explores the importance of developing a healthy heart health plan from the very beginning. It will introduce you to some of the key ingredients that can help strengthen your family’s diet.
The Bedrock of Heart Health Begins in Youth
Getting the message about heart health early in life is very important to help children develop a healthy lifestyle. It can help them make informed decisions when it comes to their diet. This is also about creating a culture that values the importance of healthy eating.
The Power of Seafood in a Heart-Healthy Diet
One of the most important components of a healthy diet is the addition of seafood. Fish, such as salmon, tuna, and sardines, are rich in omega-3 fats, which can help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease. Even though these common choices are great, the magic doesn’t stop there. There are also countless other ways to enjoy seafood that could be more well-known.
Seafood Gumbo: A Heart-Healthy Culinary Delight
One of the most popular ways to enjoy seafood is through a seafood gumbo. This dish is filled with hearty ingredients and is a great example of how healthy eating can still taste great.
The addition of seafood in a gumbo recipe provides a potent dose of omega-3 fatty acids. Its healthy ingredients also help boost its nutritional value. This dish can be prepared with a variety of vegetables and is a great addition to any family meal. Having a bowl of this dish can warm the soul and nourish the body.
The Versatility of Seafood in Family Meals
Adding seafood to family meals can have a huge impact on cardiovascular health. There are many ways to prepare seafood dishes that cater to varying palates.
You can create a variety of seafood dishes that are perfect for any family meal, such as shrimp stir-fry, baked cod, and grilled salmon. Each of these dishes has its own unique flavor and nutrients, making them an exciting and nutritious addition to any meal. By teaching children about the various ways to prepare seafood, they can develop an interest in learning more about heart health.
Embracing Whole Grains and Fiber-Rich Foods
Fiber-rich food and whole grains are vital components of the dietary landscape in promoting heart health. Whole wheat, brown rice, and quinoa are examples of foods that are filled with nutrients such as fiber, which can help lower cholesterol.
Being able to incorporate these into family meals is both delicious and simple. For example, adding whole-grain bread or brown rice to a breakfast routine can make a significant impact on the family’s diet.
The Role of Fruits and Vegetables
Vegetables and fruits are vital components of a heart-healthy diet as they contain powerful antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins that can help fend off cardiovascular disease.
Creating a colorful “rainbow” on your plate can help ensure that a wide variety of nutrients are consumed. Creative presentation and kids’ participation in the cooking process can make adding vegetables and fruits more fun and appealing.
Limiting Processed Foods and Sugars
While it’s important to include healthy ingredients in the diet, it’s also important to minimize the consumption of processed food and sugary drinks. Their high levels of added sugars, unhealthy fats, and salt can negatively affect one’s heart health.
To minimize the consumption of these products, it’s important that the family is taught about the nutrition labels of food and makes conscious decisions at the grocery store. Doing so can help promote a culture of healthy eating.
The Importance of Regular Physical Activity
A heart-healthy diet and regular physical activity go hand-in-hand. Encouraging the family to get active not only helps promote cardiovascular health, it also fosters a stronger bond among household members. Whether it’s a stroll, a vigorous hike, or a family bonding activity, such activities promote a wholesome heart and a resilient unit.
Cultivating a Heart-Healthy Kitchen
Embracing a heart-healthy diet requires cultivating a supportive environment that encourages the appropriate choices.
Educating the Family
Getting the family informed about the importance of a healthy diet can help motivate everyone to make better decisions.
Creative Cooking
Try incorporating healthy ingredients into recipes that are fun and flavorful. The kitchen should serve as a place of joy and discovery.
Leading by Example
Kids learn by example. Whenever parents make conscious decisions regarding their health, they inspire them to do the same.
Accessibility
Make sure that the ingredients and snacks that are heart-healthy are easily accessible. Healthy options are more likely to be chosen when they are made more accessible.
Building a Supportive Community
Extending beyond the immediate family can also help create a supportive environment that encourages the development of a heart-healthy lifestyle. It can be as simple as joining online forums that are focused on heart-healthy living or sharing recipes with friends. A supportive community helps individuals maintain their commitment to a healthier lifestyle.
Final Thoughts
The key to creating a heart-healthy diet for the entire family is making conscious choices regarding food. By introducing healthy ingredients such as seafood into their meals, families can have a variety of options that support cardiovascular health.

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Features

Bobbie Rosenfeld: Canada’s Trailblazing Athlete and Advocate

Bobbie Rosenfeld was a force to be reckoned with. Not only was she a phenomenal athlete, excelling in both basketball and baseball, but she also became a fierce advocate for gender equality in sports. Her story is one of exceptional talent, unwavering determination, and a fight for change that paved the way for future generations of female athletes in Canada and beyond.

Early Life and Athletic Beginnings

Rosenfeld grew up in Montreal, Quebec, in a family that instilled a love of sports in her. Her father, a dentist, and her mother, a homemaker, encouraged Bobbie and her younger brother to participate in various athletic activities. Bobbie’s exceptional talent for basketball became evident early on. She honed her skills playing in local leagues and quickly established herself as a standout player. Her height, agility, and strategic mind for the game made her a formidable force on the court.

Meanwhile, Bobbie’s passion for baseball also blossomed. At a time when girls were largely discouraged from playing baseball, Bobbie defied expectations. She joined a boys’ league, disguising herself as a boy named Bobby Rosenfeld. Her talent was undeniable, and she thrived in the competitive environment. However, her true identity was eventually discovered, forcing her out of the league. This incident highlighted the stark gender inequalities prevalent in sports during that era.

Basketball Stardom and International Recognition

Undeterred by the setback in baseball, Bobbie poured her focus into basketball. Her dedication and talent paid off. She played for the Montreal YM-YWHA Wildcats, a dominant team that won numerous provincial and national championships. Bobbie’s exceptional skills earned her a spot on the Canadian women’s national basketball team in 1963. She quickly became a key player, leading the team to victory at the 1964 Pan American Games in Brazil.

Rosenfeld’s international success continued. She was part of the Canadian team participating in the 1967 FIBA World Championship for Women in Czechoslovakia. Though Canada placed sixth, Bobbie’s individual brilliance shone through. She was the tournament’s leading scorer, a testament to her offensive prowess. Her talent and leadership on the court garnered her recognition as one of the best female basketball players in the world.

Basketball fans can elevate their enjoyment of the game with BetVictor Canada by adding excitement and engagement to their viewing experience. By placing bets on their favorite teams and players, fans can feel more connected to the action on the court and have a vested interest in the outcome of the game.

Breaking Barriers

Despite her athletic achievements, Rosenfeld faced constant challenges due to gender discrimination. Female athletes received little to no media coverage compared to their male counterparts. Opportunities for professional careers in women’s sports were virtually nonexistent. Funding for women’s athletic programs was scarce, hindering training and development.

Rosenfeld refused to accept the status quo. She became a vocal advocate for gender equality in sports. She used her platform as a star athlete to speak out against discrimination and demand better opportunities for female athletes. Bobbie and other pioneering women athletes lobbied for increased media coverage, improved funding for women’s sports programs, and the creation of professional leagues for women.

Her fight for equality extended beyond basketball. Rosenfeld and Judith Pogson, another prominent Canadian athlete, played a pivotal role in getting baseball officially recognized as a women’s sport in Canada in 1970. This decision opened doors for countless young girls who, like Rosenfeld, harbored a passion for baseball.

Beyond Athletics

Rosenfeld’s athletic career was tragically cut short in 1970 due to a car accident. However, her impact on Canadian sports and beyond continued to resonate. She became a symbol of athletic excellence and a tireless advocate for gender equality. Her legacy inspired a generation of female athletes to pursue their dreams and challenge the existing structures that limited their opportunities.

In recognition of her achievements, Bobbie Rosenfeld was inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 1985 and Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame in 1995. Her story continues to be a source of inspiration for young athletes, particularly girls, who strive for excellence in sports.

Final Thoughts

Bobbie Rosenfeld’s legacy extends far beyond her athletic achievements. She was a trailblazer who fought for equality and paved the way for future generations of female athletes. Her unwavering determination, exceptional talent, and unwavering commitment to social justice continue to inspire athletes and advocates for equality today. Bobbie Rosenfeld’s story reminds us that courage, dedication, and a strong voice can break even the most significant barriers.

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Toronto home sales up in February from last year as consumers eye rate cuts: TRREB

The Toronto real estate market saw a big increase in home sales this February. The increase was compared to the same period last year. The data comes from the Toronto Regional Real Estate Board (TRREB). This trend suggests an increasing optimism among consumers, potentially spurred by anticipations of rate cuts. The dynamics of the Toronto real estate market are indicative of a shift in consumer behavior and underlying market trends, reflecting broader economic signals and policy implications.

Home sales rose in February. This happened amid a complex mix of economic factors. These included the current interest rates, government housing policies, and global economic trends. The expectation of rate cuts is key. Lower rates cut borrowing costs, making mortgages cheaper for buyers. This prospect can increase demand in real estate. It will drive up sales and might impact prices.

Sales rose. This was due to the growing confidence of consumers. They are confident in the market and the broader economy. After uncertain times, like the pandemic, signs of recovery and stability can encourage buyers. Moreover, the rise in listings reported by TRREB. It suggests that sellers are also responding to these market conditions. They are providing more options for buyers. This is contributing to the market’s overall activity.

However, the dynamics of the Toronto real estate market are not without challenges. Housing affordability and supply problems are still key policy topics. More sales might make these issues worse. This might happen if demand outpaces the supply of homes. That would cause price hikes. The hikes could strain many buyers’ ability to afford homes.

In response to these challenges, many groups are exploring solutions. These include policymakers, developers, and community organizations. They want to increase housing supply and affordability. The strategies include changes in zoning laws. They also include incentives for affordable housing construction. And they include initiatives to help first-time homebuyers. These are the approaches being considered to address these pressing issues.

The TRREB report also shows the importance of staying informed about market trends. Economic indicators can affect the real estate market. Potential buyers and sellers can use these trends to make informed choices. Resources like Avalon offer valuable insights and information that can assist consumers in navigating the complexities of the real estate market.

As the Toronto real estate market continues to evolve, it will be important to monitor these trends and their implications for housing affordability, market stability, and economic growth. The increase in home sales in February is a positive sign, but addressing the broader challenges facing the market will require concerted efforts from all stakeholders involved.

The urbanization and immigration patterns in Toronto’s population continue to put pressure on the real estate market. The city’s appeal as a center for work, education, and cultural diversity supports a consistent demand for housing. The need for a planned approach to housing construction that emphasizes not only quantity but also quality and diversity of housing options to suit the needs of a diverse population is highlighted by this demographic pressure.

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