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Defining antisemitism – a history of the “IHRA” definition

New IHRA picBy SIMONE COHEN SCOTT Late last year I was asked by The Jerusalem Report to interview the Hon. Irwin Cotler, upon his appointment by Prime Minister Trudeau as Special Envoy for Preserving Holocaust Remembrance and Combating Antisemitism. His responsibilities will cover domestic and international antisemitism, and Holocaust education at every level.

 

His first assignment was to head the Canadian Delegation to the plenary of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, or IHRA, (pronounced eera). The meeting, hosted in Leipzig, Germany, was already in progress, but being virtual it was easy to jump in, except for the time difference. Until that assignment, the plethora of acronyms signifying organizations studying antisemitism and Holocaust had formed a sort of alphabet soup in my head. Ever since, like with a word you’ve just looked up, I notice references to IHRA all over the place, especially in connection with its definition of antisemitism. This is causing a lot of consternation among even more groups, with and without acronyms.

More about that later; first I’d like to focus on the two Winnipeg delegates at the plenary. When I spoke to Prof. Cotler, the meeting had just wound up, and when he learned I was from Winnipeg he mentioned how impressed he had been with Belle Jarniewski and David Matas. I made up my mind right then to pitch this article idea to Bernie; I believed it would be interesting to learn through these members of our community, what IHRA, the plenary, the definition, and the work, is all about.

David Matas, senior legal counsel at Bnai B’brith Canada, was one of the Canadian delegates at the original meeting in Stockholm in 2000, which drafted the founding document (Stockholm Declaration) that became IHRA. He attended again in 2007, 2008, 2018 and every year since. This recent plenary ran from November 24th to December 3rd, which meant attending a couple of weeks of meetings at 5:30 am Winnipeg time, 12:30 pm Leipzig time. Cotler joined the second week, from Montreal. Meeting electronically with the Canadian delegates was his first task as special envoy.

 

Belle Jarniewski, Executive Director of the Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada, was part of the national group bringing Canada into the International Task Force for Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research, (which evolved to become IHRA). When Canada became the 27th member of IHRA, (on June 24th, 2009, according to the Canada and the IHRA websites), she became a member of that delegation.
When a country joins IHRA, among other criteria, it must establish a Holocaust Memorial Day, and commit to Holocaust education at a senior political level. Its archives for the years 1933-1950 must be open for research, allowing academic, educational, and public access to the examination of those years of the country’s history. IHRA currently has 34 Members, one Liaison country, seven Observer Countries and eight Permanent International Partners, studying the latest developments in the field of Holocaust education, remembrance and research. According to IHRA’s own report on the plenary, there were 250 delegates at the meeting.

I asked Jarniewski how she saw IHRA differing from all those other organizations (the alphabet soup). She explained “…IHRA is the only intergovernmental organization mandated to focus solely on Holocaust-related issues, bringing together government representatives as well as experts. In addition to the definitions on antisemitism, Holocaust denial and distortion, and anti-Roma discrimination, the IHRA’s academic research publications have contributed greatly to the field of Holocaust Studies. IHRA’s pedagogical experts continue to develop detailed resources in order to help educators keep abreast of the latest best practices in education on the Holocaust and antisemitism. IHRA also supports and helps fund projects and conferences in the fields of Holocaust remembrance, research, and education. This in turn provides guidance to policy-makers, educators, civil society, and researchers.”

Part of Cotler’s mandate in his new position will be to address Holocaust denial and distortion, together with enhancing the adoption and implementation of the IHRA definition. Anyone who has experienced antisemitism, even in a mild form, recognizes it and doesn’t need a definition, but so that scholarly folk can study and deal with it empirically, and so it can be applied in a practical sense, a working definition is necessary. The definition was first developed in 2005 by the European Union Monitoring Centre. After careful study and adaptation it was adopted by IHRA in 2016.
It consists of two parts. The first part reads as follows: “Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.”
The second part, accompanying the statement and forming an integral part of it, are 11 indicators of antisemitism. In total, the definition is meant to be a working tool, not legally binding, and it is gradually being adopted by governments, parliaments and communities at all levels, in efforts to combat this oldest hatred which irrationally metastasizes wherever it infects.
Recently in the JP&N, Jarniewski wrote an effective rebuttal to a complaint someone had sent the newspaper regarding some of the definition’s examples, which he said made it inconvenient for him to express certain of his ideas. In her rebuttal she stated… “The definition must be adopted holus bolus along with the examples”…a stipulation that she says has been “….repeated over and over again by the IHRA.” Here are the 11 examples, as stated on IHRA’s website:
—Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
—Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
—Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
—Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality, of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
—Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
—Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
—Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
—Applying double standards by requiring of Israel a behaviour not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
—Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
—Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
-Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
There they are! Taken together with the earlier section, they define antisemitism. It must have been an emotionally wrenching exercise, putting this list together.

In November 2019, Matas presented a paper entitled “The IHRA definition of antisemitism: criticisms and responses” for a seminar at the Kantor Centre on Contemporary Antisemitism, wherein he methodically set out the extent of official acceptance of the definition, criticism of that acceptance, and proposed responses to the critics. In it he urges member states of the European Union to encourages its members that have not done so yet to “…endorse the non legally binding working definition of antisemitism employed by the IHRA, as a useful guidance tool in education and training, including for law enforcement authorities in their efforts to identify and investigate antisemitic attacks efficiently and effectively.”
Several EU members have indeed done so, and in fact the EU has recently put out a handbook for practical use of the IHRA working definition. I further asked Matas if the United Nations had endorsed the definition. He referred me to the remarks in November 2020 of Miguel Moratinos, High Representative for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations: “I plan to work on having an agreement on a definition of anti-Semitism within the UN, based on the IHRA definition which constitutes a basis to start from.” (I suppose it would be too much to ask that he incorporate the part about Israel?)
According to Matas, any organization can accept the definition of antisemitism. He told me that Bnai B’rith is proactive in getting organizations to endorse the effort, but any association can introduce discussion and begin the procedure…. sports organizations, service clubs like Kiwanis and Rotary, Police Departments, Community Clubs, synagogues, community newspapers. Jarniewski pointed out municipalities in Quebec and Ontario that have endorsed the IHRA definition include: Westmount; Cote Saint-Luc; Aurora; Newmarket; Markham; and Richmond Hill.

Notably, one of the accomplishments of the plenary this year has been the definition of “anti-Roma”. Between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma perished in the Holocaust, out of a pre-war population of between 1 and 1.5 million. As special delegate Cotler never tires of pointing out “…while it begins with the Jews it doesn’t end with Jews, and antisemitism is the bloodied canary in the mineshaft of global evil today.” I asked if there were Roma delegates to IHRA and Jarniewski told me there were, including in the Canadian delegation.

 

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Features

How Hobbies Improve Quality of Life

Hobbies directly influence how we handle stress, maintain focus, and recover mental energy. They are a real part of how we stay balanced day to day. Regular engagement in a chosen activity improves emotional regulation, strengthens cognitive endurance, and supports physical stability. This article explains how steady, meaningful leisure supports quality of life by reinforcing mental and physical well-being.

Mental and Emotional Benefits of Hobbies

Hobbies stimulate the mind and lift mood through creativity and relaxation. Activities like painting, writing, playing music, or even DIY crafting offer outlets for self-expression and imagination. These creative hobbies engage the senses and thinking, which helps ease anxiety and spark pleasure. Studies note that participants in hobbies often experience lower levels of stress, depression, and anxiety than non-hobbyists. Hobbies act as a natural stress release: focusing on an enjoyable task diverts attention from daily worries and triggers dopamine release (the “feel-good” chemical) in the brain. Over time, this sustained relaxation and mental stimulation can improve emotional health. In fact, research reviews highlight that hobbies provide relaxation and pleasure that help mitigate anxiety and depression, promoting overall well-being. Even cognitive hobbies like puzzles or language learning act like gentle workouts for the brain, sharpening concentration and memory. Engaging regularly in such mentally challenging hobbies can build cognitive reserve and delay age-related decline. 

Hobbies That Combine Fun with Planning and Self-Control

Some hobbies blend entertainment with strategy, requiring advance planning and discipline. Strategy games, model building, cooking elaborate recipes, or even managing a home garden demand thoughtful decisions and patience. For example, strategy games (like chess, board games, or complex video games) are structured challenges requiring careful planning, resource management, and decision-making to achieve goals. These games reward deliberate choices. They strengthen working memory and “cognitive flexibility” by forcing players to juggle immediate tactics versus long-term plans. They also train impulse control – good strategists learn to pause, weigh options, and avoid hasty moves. Outside of traditional games, digital hobbies can also be strategic. In some online gaming and betting platforms, players use promotional Krikya voucher codes as part of their play strategy. Redeeming such codes typically means reading the terms carefully, choosing the right time to play, and following the rules precisely. This turns the activity into a planned exercise rather than a random gamble: participants learn to research bonuses, set limits, and approach the game as a form of entertainment rather than impulsive spending. In general, hobbies that involve planning or rules (whether it’s budgeting time in a fantasy league or meticulously arranging model train tracks) encourage self-discipline and foresight. 

Physical and Health Benefits of Hobbies

Many hobbies involve physical activity, which brings clear health benefits. Playing sports, dancing, gardening, hiking, biking, or even walking pets are hobbies that keep the body moving. Research finds that people with active leisure pursuits often enjoy better cardiovascular health, strength, and mobility. In a broad health review, leisure activities were shown to protect against chronic diseases: engagement in hobbies can improve self-reported physical health and even lower risks of heart disease and dementia. Regular active hobbies help manage weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol – effects similar to planned exercise routines. Beyond physical fitness, active hobbies also boost mood. When you’re physically engaged, your brain releases endorphins and other mood-enhancing hormones, which reduce feelings of pain and stress. Thus, a weekly dance class or weekend hike can strengthen your muscles and joints and help you feel more energetic and optimistic.

Social Connections and Community

Many hobbies naturally involve other people, and these social ties further improve quality of life. Joining a sports team, book club, dance class, or volunteer group brings you into a community of like-minded peers. Group-based hobbies encourage routine interaction, mutual support, and shared progress. Online platforms like Meetup or Discord hobby servers extend these connections further, allowing people to join interest-based communities regardless of location. Even individual pursuits such as painting, coding, or woodworking often become social when shared through exhibitions, tutorials, or collaboration. This kind of engagement builds confidence, strengthens informal support systems, and creates space for genuine connection. In many cases, the relationships formed around a hobby become as valuable as the activity itself.

Finding and Maintaining a Hobby

Given all these benefits, how can someone choose a hobby or keep it going? First, think about what sparks your interest. It might be something you loved as a child (drawing, playing guitar) or something you’ve always wanted to try (yoga, coding, woodworking). It’s okay to experiment: try a free online class, join a local meetup, or borrow a friend’s equipment. Start small and schedule a little time each week. Even 30 minutes of a hobby can refresh your mind. Treat it like an appointment with yourself to unwind. Also consider variety: you might pair a creative hobby (like sketching) with a physical one (like swimming) to balance mental and bodily health. Remember, the key to a lasting hobby is enjoyment. If you find a particular pastime isn’t fun, move on to something else. Over time, you’ll discover what activity truly motivates you. Finally, involve others if possible. Hobbies shared with friends or family turn into quality bonding time. But even solo hobbies build personal discipline and creativity.

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Securing Your Account on PHBingo Login (GameZone)

The rising popularity of online casino platforms like GameZone has attracted many players eager to indulge in their favorite bingo games. As the number of users grows, so does the need for account security. Protecting personal data, playing progress, and account wallets has become vital due to the increase in online threats. Learning effective security techniques for PHBingo Login (GameZone) is essential for players, ensuring both safety and uninterrupted gameplay.

GameZone, a platform that features traditional and modern bingo games, stores sensitive information about user details, progress, and financial data. Without proper precautions, accounts may fall victim to unauthorized access, leading to loss of control, misuse of credentials, and exposure to significant risks. Following preventative measures will allow players to enjoy their favorite games worry-free.

Risks of Unauthorized Access in Online Bingo Play

Players using GameZone or similar platforms need to consider the potential consequences of compromised accounts. The inability to access an account, unauthorized transactions, and losing virtual credits are common issues resulting from poor security. Personal data, such as email addresses or payment information, is also at risk once hackers gain access.

While online casino platforms offer built-in security mechanisms, users carry the responsibility of implementing their own account protection solutions. Taking proactive steps, such as using strong passwords and enabling additional security layers, greatly reduces exposure to risks.

Steps to Secure Your PHBingo Account

1. Set a Strong, Unique Password

Having an easily guessed password, like “123456” or a birthdate, leaves accounts highly vulnerable. Strong passwords are critical for better security and protecting login details.

Strong password elements to consider:

  • A combination of uppercase and lowercase letters
  • Numbers and symbols
  • A length of at least 8–12 characters

Using different passwords for each account ensures that other platforms won’t be compromised if one is hacked. Players should create passwords that are unique and hard to decipher.

2. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

Two-factor authentication (2FA) provides an additional security layer on GameZone online platforms. When enabled, it requires a secondary verification code sent to a user’s mobile phone to complete the login process.

Benefits of using 2FA:

  • Prevents unauthorized access, even if passwords are exposed
  • Adds extra verification for every login attempt

This security feature is highly beneficial for players frequently engaging in multiplayer bingo games or downloading game applications. Gamers reduce unauthorized access risks significantly by implementing 2FA.

3. Avoid Logging in Over Public Wi-Fi

Connecting to GameZone through public Wi-Fi networks puts users at risk. Public or unsecured networks allow cybercriminals to intercept data on the network, including login credentials.

Safer alternatives include:

  • Using private and secure network connections at home.
  • Avoiding logins from shared or public devices.
  • Relying on mobile data for safer gameplay while traveling or away from home.

These preventive measures ensure a secure experience, wherever the player may be.

4. Update Devices and Apps Regularly

Neglected updates on devices or casino platforms expose users to software vulnerabilities. Regular updates deliver patches and fixes to enhance protection against hackers.

Best practices for keeping systems updated:

  • Install updates for operating systems and browsers at regular intervals.
  • Download GameZone apps and updates officially from trusted sources.
  • Avoid using third-party versions of GameZone applications.

Updated devices and applications offer smoother and more secure sessions, ensuring that accounts remain safeguarded.

5. Log Out After Playing Sessions

Failing to log out from GameZone accounts increases the risk of unauthorized access, especially on shared or public devices. Ensuring account disconnection after gameplay is a simple yet effective habit.

Steps to improve logout practices:

  • Avoid saving login details when using shared devices.
  • Clear cache and browsing data after accessing accounts.
  • Make it a point to log out systematically after every session.

Regularly logging out minimizes the chances of account breaches and maintains better security for PHBingo accounts.

6. Beware of Phishing Scams

Phishing scams involve fake emails or messages impersonating official GameZone communications to trick players into revealing login information. These scams often include links to malicious websites posing as the platform’s login page.

Signs of phishing schemes include:

  • Emails claiming “urgent account issues” requiring immediate action
  • Links to web pages that request sensitive login credentials
  • Emails sent from domains that look unofficial or are oddly spelled

Players should always enter their credentials through the official GameZone login page rather than clicking on suspicious links to avoid falling victim to such scams.

7. Monitor Account Activity Regularly

Checking account activity makes it easier to detect and resolve suspicious behavior or unauthorized logins. Reviewing recent account use helps players pinpoint breaches quickly.

Effective steps to manage account activity:

  • Change passwords immediately if irregular activity appears.
  • Reach out to GameZone support for assistance with securing compromised accounts.
  • Monitor recent logins and transactions for unrecognized activities.

Tracking account patterns ensures issues are addressed early, making it easier to control risks.

8. Use Secure Payment and Transaction Methods

Online bingo often involves linking accounts with payment methods. Securing financial data ensures that sensitive information isn’t exploited or mishandled.

Practical payment security tips include:

  • Using verified and reputable payment gateways.
  • Avoiding unauthorized transactions or sharing of payment details.
  • Double-checking URLs to ensure the payment page is official and secure.

Secure payment methods enhance the overall user experience while providing peace of mind for frequent players.

9. Avoid Sharing Account Credentials

Sharing login information with others, even with close friends, increases the risk of unauthorized access or account misuse. Keeping accounts private ensures better control over personal playing progress.

Reasons to avoid sharing login details:

  • Reduces the possibility of accidental account misuse.
  • Preserves account integrity and progress.
  • Prevents unknown individuals from accessing personal information.

Limiting account sharing eliminates these risks and ensures safety for all users.

10. Focus on Responsible Practices Alongside Security

Combining security precautions with responsible practices allows for a safe and balanced experience. GameZone promotes responsible practices by offering reminders and restrictions that prevent excessive gameplay.

By maintaining both security and healthy habits, players can enjoy a fun, worry-free environment.

Enhancing GameZone Experiences Through Security

Secure play for PHBingo accounts begins with adopting strong cybersecurity habits. Simple measures like using complex passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and avoiding suspicious links create a robust system of protection. Regular account monitoring and updates further help reduce risks associated with online threats.

By reinforcing security steps, users gain confidence in their platforms, ensuring they can focus on enjoying PHBingo and other offerings worry-free.

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Today’s Antizionism is Jew-Hatred

By HENRY SREBRNIK The Jewish world has grown darker. I’m not going to compare the anti-Jewish hate that has spread across this and other countries since October 7, 2023, to the Holocaust, but we know that Jewish life has become far more precarious. And so much of the hatred flies under the rubric of so-called “antizionism,” with people claiming that this isn’t “antisemitism.” But this is a false dichotomy. And we know it when we see it.

“Antizionism” is not about the now arcane historical debates that occurred mainly within Jewish communities from the 19th century through 1948, in which those who became Zionists sought to actualize the Jewish ties to biblical Israel and recreate a modern state. By “Zionists,” today’s enemies are not referring to supporters of the 19th century self-liberation movement of the Jewish people, whose goal was to establish a national home. They known little of this history. They’ve never heard of Theodor Herzl, Ahad Ha’am, Ber Borochov, Ze’ev Jabotinsky, or Chaim Weizmann.

As a derogatory slur, a pejorative, it simply means “Jew,” the way earlier words, now archaic, used to. Some call Jews “Zios.” They mean the Jewish people, who exist in opposition to everything good in the world, and who are figures of emblematic wickedness. In this they simply update what Nazis said a century ago. Hitler, too, was an “antizionist,” along with his racial antisemitism. It attacks Jews, here in Western countries like Canada – in the cities where they live, in the universities they attend, in the publishing houses where they send their manuscripts, and in the entertainment world where they act and sing. 

Note that it calls itself antizionism, not anti-Israelism, so that the net can grab virtually every Jew who simply wants to see Israel not destroyed – and that’s the vast, vast majority. We Jews know what it means, regardless of what our enemies claim. Would anyone think that the term antisemitism means hatred of Semites? 

Clearly a ludicrous idea; it was invented in the 19th century by a German Jew-hater, Wilhelm Marr, to make it sound more “racially scientific.” No one is fooled by that, of course, nor should they be by so-called “antizionism.” In its effects, it is for Jews a distinction with a negligible difference. It is meant to portray Jews as villains, and while it may fool some gullible people, it will deceive very, very few of us.

After all, as Michel Coren noted in “Roald Dahl’s Antisemitism Feels Painfully Familiar,” in the British magazine the Spectator March 16, “most Jewish people do in fact to varying degrees support Israel, partly because centuries of bigotry, violence, massacre, and attempted genocide have given them little alternative. They may oppose Israeli policy, may condemn the current government, may even want radical compromises, but there’s still support. And in the current climate of leftist and Islamist triumphalism, it’s all Zionism and none of it acceptable.”

Anti-Zionism is marked by three core “libels”: that “Zionists” are colonizers, guilty of apartheid, and committing genocide. (Actually, the only time we were settler-colonialists was when we conquered Canaan, but that was God’s doing!) Anti-Israel activists incorporate historical manifestations of anti-Jewish discrimination under the guise of anti-Zionist political activism, from the blood libel to Nazi-era tropes, mixed with contemporary academic theories. Anti-Zionism acts as a container for these historical tropes, blending them together with progressive talking points.

George Washington University professor Daniel Schwartz, in “Vocabulary Lesson,” Jewish Review of Books, Spring 2026, describes a pro-Palestinian demonstration in 2025 at his campus where a student held a placard with Israel at the center and spokes radiating outward to other evils: imperialism, white supremacy, even reproductive injustice. “This is not garden-variety political criticism of Israel policies or conduct. It invokes a symbolic architecture in which the Jewish state becomes the universal source of global suffering — a structure with deep resonance in antisemitic thought.”

Scholars argue that it is the third major iteration of discrimination against Jews. The first was anti-Judaism, based on religion, the second was antisemitism, focused on race, and the third, anti-Zionism, is a hatred of Jewish peoplehood. 

“Anti-Zionism transforms the very meaning of Zionism,” contends Adam Louis-Klein. “The Jew is reconstructed through a new symbolic logic and a new repertoire of stereotypes.” Where antisemites invoked the pseudo-biological figure of “the Semite” to cast Jews as an Oriental race infiltrating the West, anti-Zionists invoke the authority of the social sciences to recode the Jew as the “Zionist,” a European colonizer destined to commit genocide of a non-European population. 

“Erasing Jewish indigeneity and severing Jewish belonging to the land of Israel, anti-Zionism transforms the race polluter of antisemitism into the white settler of anti-Zionism,” he asserts in his March 24, 2026 Free Press article “Yes, Anti-Zionism Is Discrimination.” 

For this reason, he writes, it’s imperative that organizations and institutions committed to protecting Jews and fighting the scourge of Jew-hatred start condemning—clearly and without apology—antisemitism and antizionism. This goes to the moral core of the matter: the right of Jews to a homeland versus the bigotry of those who deny them that right.

After the Holocaust, explicit Jew-hatred became unfashionable in polite society, but the impulse never disappeared. The workaround was simple: separate Zionism from Judaism in name, then recycle every old anti-Jewish trope and pin it on “the Zionists.”

Henry Srebrnik is a professor of political science at the University of Prince Edward Island.

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