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Most of Romania’s Jews were massacred during World War II, but not Bucharest’s Jews; Here’s why…
By ROBERTA SERET, PH.D. Anti-Semitism had always been part of Romanian culture long before the war, but it was in 1927 with the establishment of the Iron Guard, Romania’s fascist party, that their practices publicly centered on eliminating all Jews in Romania by torture and death squads.
In honor of Holocaust Remembrance Day, reflecting on the treatment of the Bucharest Jews during this time, I realize that this part of history may not be well known. I feel it is important to revisit the facts. In my forthcoming novel, “Gift of Diamonds”, a survival story beginning in 1960s Romania, where Communism was rampart, I intersperse the evils of Communism with Fascism. Both heinous forms of government used similar horrors of destroying people with torture and death squads. In Romania, it began with Fascism.
King Carol ll, the royal-dictator (1930-1940) included in his government fascist practices, beginning by signing a law that was influenced by the Nuremberg racist protocols that defined who was to be considered Jewish. He tightened his dictatorship against Jews until 1940 when he was forced to abdicate and left for Portugal with his Jewish mistress, Magda Lupescu. General Ion Antonescu eagerly took power in September 1940, formed an alliance with the Iron Guard and tightened restrictions on the Jews.
The Iaşi death trains are estimated to have killed between eight and fourteen thousand Jews in the summer of 1941. Over 100 people were stuffed into each car, and many died of thirst, starvation, and suffocation aboard two trains that for eight days travelled back and forth across the countryside, stopping only to discard the dead (as photographed).
One year later, he destroyed the organization after a heinous act in January 1941: the Iron Guard had lists of rich Jews and hunted them in their homes. They tortured them until they signed over their houses and properties. Then they shot them in the forest. Others were taken to Bucharest’s slaughterhouse, where they were hung on butcher’s hooks, still alive to be tortured more. Their bellies were cut open and their entrails hung around their necks. Their dead bodies were hanged on hooks with a sign under each body, “Kosher meat.”
And still, the Iron Guard legacy of anti-Semitism and torture continued to influence Antonescu’s dictatorial regime during the war.
Anti-Semitism ravaged the Jewish population throughout the country, especially in areas outside the capital as in Bukovina, a territory previously owned by the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, and in Bessarabia, acquired from Russia, as well as in Moldavia and sections of Transylvania. All Romanian Jews received rights of citizenship in 1923, but in 1940, that citizenship was taken away from all Jews except those living in Bucharest. The Jews residing outside the capital were persecuted, rounded up and forced into death trains. Genocide was the goal. Those who survived were sent to Transnistria, a camp where typhus and starvation slaughtered more than 200,000, including 50,000 children.
Strangely, the Bucharest Jews were spared. Their population of 100,000 were not forced to wear yellow Jewish stars, or to live in ghettos, or to be deported. The question is who protected them? Paradoxically, it was General Ion Antonescu, himself, with assistance from Romania’s Chief Rabbi, Alexandru Safran, and the respected president of the Jewish communities, Wilhelm Filderman, with the Queen mother of Romania, Elena. Why did Antonescu, the fascist dictator, get involved to help?
Antonescu was aware that after losses on the Eastern Front in the battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 – February 1943), when he had allied his army to the Germans, that the Axis power could lose the war. At this time, Antonescu had in place the intention of stripping the Bucharest Jews of their citizenship and deporting them to camps. But Queen Elena and her son, King Mihai, intervened and organized formidable resistance against the dictator. Rabbi Safran and Filderman joined forces with the Royal family.
Antonescu was a rabid, violent anti-Semite. Even Adolph Eichmann had warned Antonescu that he was being “too cruel and sloppy with his Jews.” And yet, he didn’t want to appear to the outside world as being a monster. Consequently, he met regularly with Queen Elena and Rabbi Safran to discuss which Jews on their list should be spared. The Queen had warned the fascist leader that she was determined, “If the Romanian Jews were sent to Auschwitz, she would march next to them.” It was at this time that Antonescu realized the tide of war was turning against Germany, and that the Bucharest Jews could represent for him an insurance policy in case of a post-war trial for “crimes against humanity.” The Bucharest Jews, alive, could serve as collateral for his own survival.
In addition to a judicial justification, Antonescu began negotiating a financial deal without either Hitler or Eichmann ever knowing – to sell the Bucharest Jews and send them to Palestine. But the British, who controlled Palestine at that time, didn’t want to upset the Arabs. Even though Ben-Gurion, the leader of Israel, wanted the Bucharest Jews to build up the new country, the British told Antonescu, no. They called it a slave trade, unethical to sell people.
Antonescu persisted in trying. He had another idea, a business concept to trade and sell human lives: Jews for exit visas. His plan was to extort cash from American and world Jewish organizations for the sale of Romanian Jews. Such a scheme could simultaneously placate his government officials by their receiving from exiting Jews, a windfall of abandoned homes, gold, paintings, jobs, and businesses.
A key figure in this market was Henry Morgenthau, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, under President Roosevelt. Since 1934, he was the only Jew in Roosevelt’s cabinet and was active in bringing to the president various rescue plans to stop the annihilation of European Jews. Despite criticism about a slave trade extortion plan, the committee for a Jewish Army of Stateless and Palestinian Jews, a Zionist organization in New York, with the help of Morgenthau, placed an ad in The New York Times on February 16, 1943 saying, “For sale to Humanity, 70,000 Jews, Guaranteed Human Beings at $50 a piece.” There was no interest. No potential buyer came forward. And President Roosevelt hesitated to push the plan forward. It was an election year and not a popular idea. The rescue plan fell through, and with it the lives of 70,000 souls and thousands of children.
Morgenthau, tirelessly negotiated with Antonescu, while stalling for an end to the war. As negotiations continued, on August 23,1944 King Mihai, residing in the Royal Palace in Bucharest, organized a coup d’état against General Antonescu, who had been imprisoned by the king. In the process, the king and his new government declared war on the Axis powers and asked the Romanian Army not to resist the Red Army. One week later, on August 31, 1944, the Soviets entered the capital. An armistice was signed with Moscow on September 12,1944, and the Soviet occupation remained in Romania. Two years later, on June 1,1946 in Bucharest, Antonescu was executed by a military firing squad for war crimes. He had been responsible for the death of 300,000-380,000 Romanian Jews during the war.
The irony of history is that the Russians saved the Bucharest Jews. In honor of Holocaust Remembrance Day, I remember the horrific numbers:
In 1930, Romania had a Jewish population of 725,000-750,000.
In 1945, 290,000-360,000 Jews had survived.
In 1940 there were 95,072 Jews living in Bucharest.
In 1945 there were 100,000-150,000 Jews living in Bucharest, which included Jews from other sections of the country who had sought safety in the capital.
ROBERTA SERET, Ph.D. is the founder and executive director of the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) at United Nations, International Cinema Education Organization and the Director of ESL and Film for the Hospitality Committee of the United Nations. She is an adjunct instructor at New York University in Film. Her work in the United Nations Global Classroom has been praised by various influential Americans, including Michelle Obama, Mike Bloomberg, and Caroline Kennedy. The Transylvanian Trilogy is her first fiction series, with Gift of Diamonds now available and Love Odyssey releasing March 23, 2021.
Features
Understanding the Differences Between Online Poker Cash Games and Tournaments
A USD $50 poker buy-in can mean two different things. At a cash table, it becomes USD $50 in chips. In a tournament, it pays for entry to an event with its own starting stack and prize structure.
The cards and hand rankings may be familiar in both settings, but the way play unfolds changes. Cash players choose when to leave. Tournament entrants follow a schedule of rising blinds and eliminations. Understanding how those pieces fit together makes the differences easier to follow.
1. How the Table and the Event Work
Cash tables run as players arrive and depart. Each table has published stakes and buy-in limits, and an available seat allows someone to join the game already underway. The lineup can change several times during a session.
Tournaments bring players into a shared competition. Scheduled events have an advertised starting time; Sit & Go tournaments begin when the required seats fill. Standard entrants receive the same starting chip allocation.
As players lose their stacks, the field shrinks. In conventional multi-table events, the software moves players to balance tables, then combines the remaining players at a final table. The event’s rules determine any opportunity to return after elimination.
2. What the Entry Payment Covers
For readers learning about real money poker at 888poker, the buy-in is a useful place to start: its role changes with the format.
Cash players choose an amount within the table’s minimum and maximum. At hypothetical USD $0.25/$0.50 stakes, a USD $50 stack equals 100 big blinds. Only the chips held at the start of a hand are available to wager during it; additional purchases apply to later hands.
Tournament prices commonly include a prize-pool contribution and an operator fee. An entry displayed as USD $10 + $1 would cost USD $11, with USD $10 going toward prizes. The starting stack is listed separately.
Further spending depends on the rules. Cash players can reload within table limits. A freezeout tournament permits one entry, while rebuy events allow additional chips under stated conditions. Re-entry allows a fresh entry after elimination during the permitted window.
Cash-game fees also work differently: rake is commonly taken from eligible pots, while tournament fees are paid at registration.
3. What the Chips Are Worth
Cash chips keep their monetary value throughout play. Someone who buys in once for USD $50 and leaves with USD $65 has gained USD $15. Their remaining table balance returns to their account when they leave.
Tournament chips track progress through the event. A hypothetical USD $11 entry might provide 10,000 chips, while the payout schedule sets the money awarded for finishing positions.
In a standard elimination tournament, the winner finishes with all the competition chips, while prize money is distributed according to the published payout schedule.
Some events have a different endpoint. A satellite awarding equal-value entries to another tournament can finish when the remaining players have all qualified. Its structure sets how many entries are available.
4. How Rising Blinds Change a Stack
Blinds are compulsory bets that begin the action. At a cash table, their amounts stay fixed at the published stakes.
Tournament blinds rise through scheduled levels. That changes the weight of every stack, even when its chip count stays the same.
Take 10,000 chips. With a big blind of 100, the stack represents 100 big blinds. When the big blind reaches 200, it represents 50. At 500, it represents 20. The compulsory bets now consume a larger share of those chips.
The length of each level helps set the pace. Turbo and hyper-turbo events use faster increases, while the tournament’s published details specify the starting stack, level timing and any antes, additional compulsory bets. Those details explain how conditions will change as play continues.
5. When a Session Ends
Cash players can finish a hand and leave with their remaining balance. Their session ends while the table carries on.
A tournament entrant stays involved until elimination or the event’s conclusion under its rules. Some tournaments take several hours, so the time needed depends partly on how far someone progresses.
Scheduled breaks offer pauses. During active play, sitting out allows applicable blinds and antes to keep reducing an absent player’s stack. Leaving the screen therefore has consequences for their place in the event.
Spending and time belong in the same calculation. Responsible gaming means setting limits for both, including possible reloads or re-entries in the spending limit, and meeting local age and location requirements.
Checking entry rules, blind levels and the break schedule gives readers a clearer picture of the commitment behind a tournament listing. For cash tables, the key details are the stakes, buy-in limits and fees, alongside the freedom to end a session between hands.
Features
Embracing Your Femininity in Kislev
By ELENA KNIGHT Rosh Chodesh Sameach! Today is the start of Kislev, when we celebrate the eternal power of light over darkness through Hanukkah, we reflect on our dreams, and, through the month’s connection to the Tribe of Benjamin, we embrace our orderly and honourable side.
Hanukkah is the main feature of Kislev, the holiday when we commemorate the Maccabean Revolt against the Greeks when the Jews regained control over Jerusalem and when we celebrate the miracle of the oil that burned for eight days. This miracle connects with femininity because we women are quite used to pulling things together when it seems like we don’t have it all; how often are we stuck grabbing our shoes as we run out the door, putting makeup on in the car, fixing our hair in the window reflection before we walk into work, and then walking in looking like we had an uninterrupted hour to get ready that morning? Not to mention all of the incredibly strong women who do all this between daycare or school drop-off, reviewing notes from meetings at hockey practice or taking a work call during the drive to a dance competition. The light that burned for eight days when there was only enough for one is a lot like the women who do eight days’ worth of work in just 24 hours.
Looking at the symbolism of light overcoming darkness, we can bring this into our daily lives this month by making this miracle and others public. How often do we do things without asking for any recognition? I say let’s quit that. Let people know when you succeed! It was amazing that you got on the Dean’s List at your university, so tell your friends! Tell your coworkers you got the promotion you’ve been working for! Tell your in-laws that you got the
new job! Publicize your own miracles just like we publicize the Hanukkah miracles by putting our Hanukkiot in the window.
Kislev is called the month of dreams; almost all of the major dreams in Genesis are read in this month’s Torah portions, and Joseph, master of dreams and interpreter of visions, takes centre stage this month. The Talmud teaches that dreams are one sixtieth of prophecy, and since the nights are so long this time of year, now is the time when the inner world, contemplation, and spiritual intuition can be deepened. A great way to connect to the dreamy nature of Kislev could be to keep a dream journal, and take some time to reflect on your dreams. There are many ways dreams can be interpreted, and so many tools to interpret dreams are available in books or online! Common dream symbols are flying (symbolizing freedom or a desire to escape pressure), water (representing your emotional state), and falling (symbolizing a loss of control or feeling ungrounded), and there are thousands of ways that you can use dream interpretation to better connect to your inner world and spiritual life.
This month is associated with the Tribe of Benjamin, which is known for its militarism, bravery, and skill in battle. For us women in the modern day, we can take the militaristic nature of the Tribe and interpret it through adding more order to our daily lives and honour to our personal behaviour. This may be creating a better night routine to support a more consistent sleep schedule or actually taking a full lunch break without any work. Whatever order your life needs, this month would be the perfect time to do it; channel your inner Benjaminite! Adding honour to your personal life can be done through keeping commitments–I recommend a detailed online calendar and to-do list–treating everyone with dignity, keeping your composure in hard moments, and owning your mistakes without shifting the blame. Though these seem like simple tasks, they can be pretty hard to implement when we are faced with tough situations. But what
are we facing in our lives that is as hard as a bunch of Greeks taking over our homeland? Let’s be like the Maccabees this Kislev and face challenges with bravery, knowing that bringing light into our lives will always beat the darkness that tries to sneak up behind us.
Features
Toronto Raptors vs Boston Celtics Prediction: NBA Preview at Scotiabank Arena
The Toronto Raptors host the Boston Celtics tomorrow at Scotiabank Arena, where they’ll try to end a five-game losing streak against their Atlantic Division rivals. They’ll have a rest advantage. Boston plays in Philadelphia on Tuesday before travelling to Toronto, while the Raptors have a day off between home games.
The Raptors vs Celtics prediction comes down to whether Toronto can turn that extra rest into easier baskets. RJ Barrett can attack before Boston’s defence sets, but Jayson Tatum and Paul George give the Celtics two reliable scorers if the game slows in the fourth quarter.
Raptors vs Celtics Date, Tip-Off Time and Where to Watch in Canada
| Game details | Nov. 11 matchup |
| Date | Wednesday, Nov. 11, 2026 |
| Tip-off | 7 p.m. ET |
| Venue | Scotiabank Arena, Toronto |
| Canadian broadcast | TSN and TSN+ |
Wednesday is the middle game of a busy stretch for Toronto. The Raptors hosted Memphis on Monday and visit Philadelphia on Thursday. For Boston, the 7 p.m. ET start comes less than 24 hours after its scheduled tip-off against the 76ers.
Recent Form for the Raptors and Celtics
Boston improved to 8–2 with a 117–97 win in Milwaukee on Sunday, its third straight victory. George scored 27 points, and Tatum had 21 points and six assists. The Celtics had also beaten the Bucks 109–102 at home four nights earlier, then won 119–80 in Charlotte in NBA Cup play.
Toronto entered Monday’s game against Memphis at 5–4. Its four-game road trip ended Friday with a 121–107 NBA Cup win in Milwaukee after a 128–109 loss in Denver. Barrett and Alijah Martin each scored 27 points against the Bucks, and Barrett went 9-for-11 from the line. That gave the Raptors a way to score even though Barrett missed all four of his three-point attempts.
Raptors vs Celtics Head-to-Head Record
The Celtics swept the 2025–26 season series 4–0 and have won nine of the last 10 regular-season meetings. They took both games at Scotiabank Arena last season, 121–113 and 112–96. Across the last five meetings, Boston won all of them, averaging 13.8 made threes and winning by 11.2 points.
George arrived in the trade that sent Jaylen Brown to Philadelphia, and Boston added Mitchell Robinson at centre. Last season’s results show how consistently Boston controlled the matchup. Wednesday will test whether Toronto can put more pressure on this Celtics rotation early in the shot clock.
Toronto Raptors Injury Report and Lineup Outlook
Scottie Barnes and Immanuel Quickley missed Friday’s game in Milwaukee. Toronto listed Barnes as questionable for Monday’s game in Memphis with a left groin strain and gave Quickley the same designation for right hamstring tightness. Kawhi Leonard was out for left knee injury management. The next game-specific report will give a clearer picture of who can play Wednesday.
Barnes has the size to defend Tatum without an immediate double-team. Quickley’s status matters at the other end. With him available, Barrett can spend more possessions catching on the move. If Quickley sits, Jamal Shead can initiate the offence and take some of that ball-handling work.
Key Player Matchups for Jayson Tatum and RJ Barrett
Tatum averaged 27.1 points and 7.8 assists through Sunday. When he drives, Toronto’s first decision is how far to bring help off Boston’s shooters. An early rotation can close off his path to the rim, but it also gives George or Derrick White a pass on the perimeter. Toronto’s chances improve if its primary defender can stay in front for longer.
Barrett averaged 21.6 points through Friday. A high screen can give him room to turn the corner before Boston gets a second defender into position. If the Celtics switch a bigger defender onto him, Barrett can try to beat the switch with his first step. His free-throw attempts will offer an early clue as to how much pressure he’s putting on the rim.
Toronto averaged 17.6 fast-break points through Friday, among the league’s best marks. That’s one reason to watch how Toronto gets its first few shots. Barrett attacking a retreating defence suits Toronto better than driving through two defenders late in the clock.
Jakob Poeltl, Mitchell Robinson and the Battle in the Paint
Toronto has outscored Boston in the paint in three of their last four meetings at Scotiabank Arena. The question is whether the Raptors can pair that inside scoring with enough defensive rebounds to get out in transition.
If Poeltl and Robinson share the floor, their positioning on shots could matter as much as their work around the rim. When Poeltl keeps Robinson off the offensive glass, Toronto’s guards can get a head start up the floor. A Boston offensive rebound forces those same guards to find their shooters again.
Robinson can also screen for Tatum. If Poeltl drops towards the rim, Tatum can pull up from the middle of the floor. If Poeltl steps out, the far-side defender has to pick up Robinson as he rolls to the basket
Raptors vs Celtics Betting Odds & Key Markets
Bettors can follow the NBA sportsbook on Stake for the latest Raptors vs Celtics odds, including moneyline, point spread and total points, among others.
Moneyline
The moneyline covers the outright winner, including overtime. Boston is the lean here. Tatum and George give the Celtics two ways to create a shot late in a close game, and either can keep the offence moving if Toronto takes away the first option.
Point Spread
Toronto’s extra day of rest matters when assessing the margin. If the Raptors secure defensive rebounds and turn them into early offence, they can stay close even if Boston controls more of the half-court game. Toronto’s margin on the spread will depend on the posted handicap.
Total Points (Over/Under)
Boston’s five games through Sunday averaged 206.2 combined points. Toronto’s five through Friday averaged 239.8. Those samples give some context for the total. If Toronto can run off misses and get Barrett to the line, the game could be more open. If Boston keeps it in the half court, both teams may have fewer possessions.
Player Props
Tatum’s assists and Barrett’s points are two markets to look for. If Toronto sends help into the lane, Tatum will have perimeter passing options. Barrett’s scoring outlook depends on whether he can get downhill against Boston’s bigger defenders and draw fouls as he did in Milwaukee.
Raptors vs Celtics Prediction and Game Pick
Toronto has the home crowd and enough scoring options to stay in the game, but Boston has the better record, last season’s sweep and Tatum’s star power. The back-to-back is the main reason to expect a close fight.
The recommended pick is the Boston Celtics to win. Canadian fans who want to follow the NBA with Stake can use its live markets and in-play options. Always gamble responsibly and within the legal age in your province.
