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What if the Second Temple Hadn’t Been Destroyed?
Tisha B’Av — the ninth day of the Jewish month of Av — is referred to as the saddest day on the Jewish calendar. It marks the destruction of both the First and Second Temples, the first in 586 BCE and the latter in 70 CE.
This Tisha B’Av — 10 months after the October 7 atrocity and the resulting war — finds many Jews worried about our Jewish future. This is true both with respect to the survival of Israel, a country beset by determined enemies, as well as in the context of Jewish life in the Diaspora, with the outburst of antisemitism that has occurred in Europe and North America.
The online Chabad description of Tisha B’Av makes a curious point about the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans. According to the contemporary Jewish-Roman historian Josephus, the Romans would have preferred to leave the Temple standing to reflect on the glory of Rome. Apparently, its destruction was an accident — a rogue act by a Roman soldier, who threw a firebrand into the Temple. Titus, the Roman commander, tried to put out the fire, but was unsuccessful.
The question of how the Jewish world would have evolved if the Temple had not been destroyed has intrigued René Bloch, Professor of Jewish Studies at the University of Bern.
To my mind, the destruction of the Temple meant the end of Temple Judaism and the ascendancy of rabbinic Judaism, the rabbis being the successors of the Pharisees. Bloch points to a more nuanced history between the Temple and synagogue ritual and services.
For one thing, the Temple was not a central fixture for Jews in the Diaspora, which existed even then. Moreover, synagogues were an established feature in much of the Jewish world, even in Jerusalem. He adds that Temple practices were changing in any case. For example, animal sacrifices would likely have ended if the temple had continued to exist. Bloch quotes the prophet Isaiah saying, “I do not delight in the blood of bulls, or of lambs, or of goats … learn to do good; seek justice, rescue the oppressed, defend the orphan, plead for the widow.”
Moreover, scriptural interpretations and commentary, and the idea of using scripture in religious services, were common before the destruction of the Temple. However, much of the Mishna, written after the destruction, deals with details of Temple service as a means of keeping the memory of the Temple alive.
Without the destruction of the Temple, there would be no Mishna or Gemara and no Talmud, at least not in the form that we are familiar with today. Bloch writes, “If rabbinic Judaism had not emerged or had manifested itself in a much less consequential form, Judaism’s long-term development would have been profoundly affected.”
Bloch also points out that if the Temple was not destroyed, Christianity today would be very different as well, because the destruction of the Temple is central to the Christian concept of supersession, wherein Christianity is seen as the successor to Judaism. To early Christians, the Temple’s destruction confirmed God’s displeasure with the Jewish people for their rejection of Jesus Christ. Without its destruction, the theological underpinnings of Christianity and Judaism might have been more difficult to separate.
The Jewish defeat by the Romans took place irrespective of whether or not the Temple survived. Josephus’ writings point a finger at Jewish disunity and infighting. We do not know if a unified Jewish front would have made a difference. We do know that by the time of the The Bar-Kochba Revolt just 65 years later (132-136 CE), the Jews had learned their lesson. Nevertheless, even though the Jews fought as a united force, this war also resulted in defeat. The only difference was that the Roman victory cost them more.
There are those who worry that history will repeat itself, and that disunity and internal disputes will jeopardize Jewish survival. Perhaps. However, at this point, the important lesson from Jewish history is that a small Jewish State needs the backing of a great power.
Jacob Sivak, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, is a retired professor, University of Waterloo.
The post What if the Second Temple Hadn’t Been Destroyed? first appeared on Algemeiner.com.
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Cash-Strapped Hamas Seeks to Regroup With New Recruits as Egypt, Qatar Said to Push 5-Year Gaza Truce
A Palestinian Hamas terrorist shakes hands with a child as they stand guard as people gather on the day of the handover of Israeli hostages, as part of a ceasefire and a hostages-prisoners swap deal between Hamas and Israel, in Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip, Feb. 22, 2025. Photo: REUTERS/Ramadan Abed
Egypt and Qatar are negotiating a long-term ceasefire deal with the Palestinian terrorist group Hamas that would include a full Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and the release of Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails in exchange for the return of all hostages, according to a BBC report published Tuesday.
The report came as the cash-strapped terrorist group, which ruled Gaza for nearly two decades before its Oct. 7, 2023, invasion of southern Israel started the current war, was said to be reinforcing its military ranks by enlisting 30,000 new recruits.
Mediators from Egypt and Qatar presented a new framework to both parties, which included a five-to-seven-year truce, an end to Israel’s war in Gaza, the release of all remaining Israeli hostages held in the enclave, and the release of an undisclosed number of Palestinian detainees, the report said citing an unnamed senior Palestinian official.
Meanwhile, a separate report by the Saudi-owned Al Arabiya outlet said Hamas’s military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, has enlisted approximately 30,000 new recruits. Most of the new fighters had previously undergone training in covert camps, the report said, adding that they lacked advanced combat skills, having been trained primarily in guerrilla warfare, basic rocket attacks, and the use of improvised explosives.
The recruitment campaign came as Hamas confronted severe operational challenges. The Iran-backed Islamist group was short on drones and long-range missile systems and had begun harvesting unexploded Israeli munitions from the battlefield to construct improvised explosive devices, the Al Arabiya report said.
National security expert Prof. Eitan Shamir said the new recruits were no substitute for the cadre of experienced operatives the group had lost since the war resumed in March — losses that, according to Israeli military estimates earlier this year, totaled around 20,000.
Shamir said the new recruits were likely “very young or old,” and largely “inexperienced and untrained.” He also noted that Hamas no longer had the experienced commanders or the equipment it once did.
“Even if the numbers [of operatives] partially rebound, it’s not the same Hamas,” Shamir told The Algemeiner.
Shamir added that Hamas had lost much of its chain of command, including members of its elite Nukhba forces, who led the Oct. 7 attack on southern Israel that saw 1,200 Israelis murdered and more than 250 people taken hostage to Gaza. While Hamas retained some capacity to launch localized attacks, its ability to conduct a large-scale offensive had been significantly degraded, he said. Instead, the group was moving toward guerilla tactics.
“To the extent that they have some people in Gaza with guns, with explosives, and they have some sort of a chain of command, and they’re still functioning, and they can still cause, as we saw, casualties to the IDF [Israel Defense Forces],” said Shamir, who serves as the director of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies at Bar-Ilan University.
It would likely take years to reduce Hamas’s operational capabilities to what he described as a “minimal, though not zero” threat level, he said.
Despite its recruitment bid, Hamas is struggling to pay its existing fighters, according to a Wall Street Journal report citing Arab, Israeli, and Western officials. The group is facing a growing cash shortage, exacerbated by Israel’s six-week blockade on aid entering Gaza since the resumption of fighting following the ceasefire and hostage-release deal earlier this year. Some of the aid that previously reached the enclave had been seized and sold by Hamas on the black market, according to the officials, but these revenues had since dwindled.
Arab intelligence sources said Israel’s renewed military campaign had killed or forced into hiding several Hamas operatives responsible for distributing funds. Payments to civil servants in the Hamas-run government had reportedly ceased altogether, while senior political and military figures are receiving only half of their salaries. Lower-ranking fighters are being paid between $200 and $300 a month, the report said.
Shamir said Israel faced what he called a “horrible dilemma” between continuing its military campaign to dismantle Hamas and risking the lives of the remaining hostages, or pausing the fighting for an extended period in order to secure their immediate release. While he acknowledged that Hamas had been “severely damaged,” the idea that Israel could resume the fighting after such a truce was unrealistic. “I don’t believe that Israel would be able to go back to the war,” he said. “It’s a slogan. It’s not going to work like this.”
A ceasefire could effectively grant Hamas a “lifeline,” allowing the group to remain in control of Gaza in a weakened but still functional state, Shamir warned. The terrorist group was using pauses to entrench its positions further. “They prepare hideouts, they prepare ambushes, they prepare explosive devices in different areas. This is not going to be easy.”
“This is a war of attrition, which is long and devastating,” he added.
The post Cash-Strapped Hamas Seeks to Regroup With New Recruits as Egypt, Qatar Said to Push 5-Year Gaza Truce first appeared on Algemeiner.com.
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‘Tatami,’ First Feature Film Co-Directed by Israeli, Iranian Filmmakers, to Be Released Nationwide This Summer
A promotional photo for “Tatami.” Photo: XYZ Films.
A political sports thriller that is the first-ever feature film co-directed by Israeli and Iranian filmmakers will be released in select theaters nationwide on June 13 from XYZ Films.
“Tatami” was co-directed by Iranian and French Cannes Best Actress winner Zar Amir-Ebrahimi – who also stars in the film – alongside Israeli Academy Award winner Guy Nattiv, whose past credits include “Golda,” starring Helen Mirren, and the Oscar-winning short “Skin.” Native co-wrote the script of “Tatami” with Paris-based Iranian actress and screenwriter Elham Erfani, who was also the film’s casting director. Ebrahimi traveled to Israel for her first time ever to edit “Tatami.”
Iran and Israel have no diplomatic relations, and the Iranian regime does not recognize the Jewish state. The Islamic Republic supports terrorist operations against the state of Israel and is the chief international backer of Hamas, the US-designated terrorist organization that orchestrated the massacre across southern Israel that took place on Oct. 7, 2023. Iranian military commanders and even diplomats have recently praised the Oct. 7 Hamas attack.
Iran also has a long-standing policy of not allowing its athletes to compete against opponents from Israel dating back to 1979, when the Islamist regime seized power. Iranian athletes are often pressured by their coaches and the country’s sports federations to either pull out of matches or intentionally lose to avoid competing against an opponent from Israel. “Tatami,” which is about an Iranian judo athlete, is inspired by true events and references Iran’s ban on its athletes competing against Israelis.
In “Tatami,” an Iranian judoka named Leila – played by American Iranian-Chilean actress Arienne Mandi from “The L Word” – is on the verge of winning gold at the judo world championships when she is ordered to withdraw to avoid facing an Israeli opponent in the finals. She is told by the Islamic Republic that she must fake an injury and pull out of the competition, or face being labeled a traitor by her home country for competing against an Israeli athlete. Leila must decide if she will cave to the pressure or continue competing for the gold medal. Amir-Ebrahimi plays Leila’s coach, and the film also stars Jaime Ray Newman and Ash Goldeh. Tatami is a type of mat used during judo bouts.
“Facing a life-or-death decision, she risks everything, putting the lives of her, her coach, and her family in danger,” stated a synopsis of the film provided by XYZ Films. “The film captures the raw intensity of elite competition, the sacrifices athletes make, and the brutal reality of political interference in sports … This film is more than a thriller — it’s a gripping look at the struggles athletes face beyond the mat. It speaks to themes of perseverance, integrity, and the power of sport as a force for change.”
“Tatami” was produced by Israel’s Keshet Studios and premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2023. It has earned multiple awards, including Best Actress for Amir-Ebrahimi and a Special Jury Prize at the Tokyo Film Festival, and Best Film at the Munich Film Festival.
Amir-Ebrahimi won Best Actress at Cannes in 2022 for her role in “Holy Spider.” That same year, she was included on BBC’s list of 100 inspiring and influential women because of her advocacy for women’s rights. The actress and director was forced to flee Iran in 2008 after being targeted by the regime, and is now a French citizen living in Paris, where she runs her production company, Alambic Production.
Ebrahimi and Nattiv said in 2023 that the storyline of “Tatami” also reflects the real-life struggles of women living in Iran. The film premiered amid freedom protests about a mandatory hijab enforcement in the Islamic Republic and one year after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini, who was killed after allegedly being beaten by Iranian police when she was arrested for not wearing a hijab.
The post ‘Tatami,’ First Feature Film Co-Directed by Israeli, Iranian Filmmakers, to Be Released Nationwide This Summer first appeared on Algemeiner.com.
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Syria Detains Two Leaders of Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Syria’s interim President Ahmed al-Sharaa attends an interview with Reuters at the presidential palace, in Damascus, Syria, March 10, 2025. Photo: REUTERS/Khalil Ashawi
Syrian authorities have detained two senior members of the Palestinian terrorist faction Islamic Jihad, which took part in the Oct. 7, 2023, attacks on Israel from Gaza, the group’s armed wing and a Syrian official said on Tuesday.
In a statement, the Al Quds Brigades said Khaled Khaled, who heads Islamic Jihad‘s operations in Syria, and Yasser al-Zafari, who heads its organizational committee, had been in Syrian custody for five days.
The group said the men had been detained “without any explanation of the reasons” and “in a manner we would not have hoped to see from brothers,” and called for their release.
An official from Syria‘s interior ministry confirmed the detentions, but did not respond to follow-up questions on why the pair had been arrested. A Palestinian source in Damascus also confirmed the arrests.
Islamic Jihad joined its terrorist ally Hamas, Gaza’s ruling group, in the attack on Israel in 2023. It is a recipient of Iranian funding and know-how, and has long had foreign headquarters in Syria and Lebanon.
But its allies in both countries have recently suffered devastating blows: an Israeli air and ground offensive last year severely weakened the Lebanese Iranian-backed terrorist group Hezbollah, and Syria‘s leader Bashar al-Assad, closely allied to Tehran, was ousted by a rebel offensive last year.
The new Islamist leadership in Damascus has cut diplomatic ties with Iran and is hoping to rebuild Syria‘s regional and international backing, not least to eliminate sanctions and fund reconstruction after a brutal 14-year civil war.
The US has given Syria a list of conditions to fulfill in exchange for partial sanctions relief, Reuters reported last month. Sources said one of the conditions was keeping Iran-backed Palestinian groups at a distance.
Israel has carried out strikes against Islamic Jihad in Syria for years. Last month, it said it struck a building on the outskirts of Damascus that it said Islamic Jihad was using as a command center, an assertion denied by the group.
The post Syria Detains Two Leaders of Palestinian Islamic Jihad first appeared on Algemeiner.com.